Origin of the Preferential Formation of Helicenes in Mallory Photocyclizations. Temperature as a Tool to Influence Reaction Regiochemistry

J Org Chem. 2019 Jan 18;84(2):817-830. doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02671. Epub 2018 Dec 27.

Abstract

The regiochemistry of four bis-Mallory photocyclization substrates has been examined from experimental and computational perspectives. Formation of all three possible regioisomers was only observed in the reaction of one of the substrates. In the other three substrates, only the two C2-symmetric products, but not the C1 product, were formed. In the three reactions that only formed two products, the photocyclization temperature could be used to select for exclusive formation of one or the other regioisomer. The use of temperature to select between two regioisomers also worked in the photocyclization of the substrate that formed three products. However, no temperature was located for exclusive formation of the third component, one of the C2-symmetric products, which always formed alongside either one or both of its regioisomers. B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) calculations were used to determine the energies of all of the dihydrophenanthrene (DHP), tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP), and mono-Mallory photocyclization intermediates. The oscillator strengths of the DHP precursors to the helicene products were a factor of 4.8-9.2 smaller than those of competitively formed DHPs. This observation suggests that establishment of a photostationary state is responsible for the preferential formation of helicenes that has been observed as a unique and useful feature of many Mallory photocyclizations.