A simple survey protocol for assessing terrestrial biodiversity in a broad range of ecosystems

PLoS One. 2018 Dec 12;13(12):e0208535. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208535. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Finding standard cost-effective methods for monitoring biodiversity is challenging due to trade-offs between survey costs (including expertise), specificity, and range of applicability. These trade-offs cause a lack of comparability among datasets collected by ecologists and conservationists, which is most regrettable in taxonomically demanding work on megadiverse inconspicuous taxon groups. We have developed a site-scale survey method for diverse sessile land organisms, which can be analyzed over multiple scales and linked with ecological insights and management. The core idea is that field experts can effectively allocate observation effort when the time, area, and priority sequence of tasks are fixed. We present the protocol, explain its specifications (taxon group; expert qualification; plot size; effort) and applications based on >800 original surveys of four taxon groups; and we analyze its effectiveness using data on polypores in hemiboreal and tropical forests. We demonstrate consistent effort-species richness curves and among-survey variation in contrasting ecosystems, and high effectiveness compared with casual observations both at local and regional scales. Bias related to observer experience appeared negligible compared with typical assemblage variation. Being flexible in terms of sampling design, the method has enabled us to compile data from various projects to assess conservation status and habitat requirements of most species (specifically rarities and including discovery of new species); also, when linked with site descriptions, to complete environmental assessments and select indicator species for management. We conclude that simple rules can significantly improve expert-based biodiversity surveys. Ideally, define (i) a common plot size that addresses multiple taxon groups and management goals; (ii) taxon groups based on field expertise and feasible number of species; (iii) sufficient and practical search time; (iv) a procedure for recording within-plot heterogeneity. Such a framework, combined with freedom to allocate effort on-site, helps utilizing full expertise of observers without losing technical rigor.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Biodiversity*
  • Ecosystem*
  • Environmental Monitoring / economics
  • Environmental Monitoring / methods*
  • Forests
  • Lichens / growth & development

Grants and funding

This work was supported by: 1) Estonian Research Council <www.etag.ee/en/> grants SF0180012s09, IUT-34, and ETF6457 to AL; 2) Estonian Environmental Board <www.keskkonnaamet.ee/en> grant LLTOM16048 to PL; 3) Estonian Environmental Investments Centre <kik.ee/en> grant SLTOM16028 to KR; 4) Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education project CAPES-SIU-2013/10057 to KR (project leader K.-H. Larsson); 5) the Estonian Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology 2009-2015, created under the auspices of European Social Fund, to KR.