Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have produced demonstrable but limited benefit for various cancers. One mechanism of resistance includes revascularization, secondary to upregulation of alternative pro-angiogenic platelet-derived growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor pathways. Nintedanib is an oral, triple kinase inhibitor that blocks these pathways and may improve anti-tumor activity by overcoming resistance to anti-VEGF therapies. The primary objective of this first in-human study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of nintedanib in combination with bevacizumab.
Methods: Patients were treated with escalating doses of nintedanib (150 mg or 200 mg oral twice daily) and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg once intravenously every 3 weeks) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity using standard 3 + 3 phase 1 design. Plasma levels of angiogenic biomarkers were correlated with clinical outcomes.
Results: Eighteen patients with advanced tumors [lung (n = 9), colon (n = 8), and cervical (n = 1)] previously treated with at least two lines of chemotherapy including bevacizumab (n = 9, 50%) were enrolled. The highest dose of nintedanib was 200 mg twice a day with no observed dose-limiting toxicities (DLT). Common adverse events (AE) were fatigue (grade 1-3) and diarrhea (grade 1-2). Durable clinical response was observed in 55% patients pretreated with bevacizumab (1 complete and 4 stable response). Better disease control was correlated with higher than median baseline values for VEFGR2 and E-selectin, and lower levels for SDF-1α.
Conclusion: Nintedanib was well-tolerated with bevacizumab with no DLT. Significant clinical activity was observed, including in bevacizumab-pretreated patients, suggesting nintedanib can overcome bevacizumab resistance.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02835833.
Keywords: Bevacizumab; Metastasis; Nintedanib; Solid tumors; Vascular endothelial growth factors.