Incontinence is a frustrating condition for both pet owners and their veterinarians. Fortunately, most causes are easily diagnosed and most dogs respond to appropriate therapy. This article reviews normal urine storage and voiding, causes of incontinence, typical clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment.
Keywords: Detrusor instability; Ectopic ureters; Incontinence; Pelvic bladder; Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.