A composite based on poly (propylene fumarate) (PPF) was investigated as a potential bone repair material for clinical use and it showed low heat release, suitable mechanical property and good biocompatibility. The in situ curing process would finish in less than 10 min. Compared with PMMA, PPF/TCP showed great decrease in heat release as the maximum temperature during curing process was 54.7 °C ± 1.69 °C. The compressive strength was between 109 ± 2 and 133 ± 6 MPa and the compressive modulus was 146 ± 11 to 161 ± 27 MPa, which were believed to be compatible and further supportive to surrounding bone. Besides, the surface morphology and hydrophilicity could be tailored by adjusting the content of β-calcium phosphate (β-TCP). Relatively stable pH value during degradation in PBS solution implied that it would not bring about acidification when implanted in vivo. In addition, PPF/TCP would boost mineralization and the apatite-like deposits on surface may advance the integrity of bone and materials. Moreover, the PPF/TCP obviously degraded and new bone formed especially when loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in vivo. In summary, PPF/TCP composites showed suitable physical and chemical properties as well as good bioactivity and may therefore be a promising material for bone repair.