CVD and associated metabolic diseases are linked to chronic inflammation, which can be modified by diet. The objective of the present study was to determine whether there is a difference in inflammatory markers, blood metabolic and lipid panels and lymphocyte gene expression in response to a high-fat dairy food challenge with or without milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Participants consumed a dairy product-based meal containing whipping cream (WC) high in saturated fat with or without the addition of MFGM, following a 12 h fasting blood draw. Inflammatory markers including IL-6 and C-reactive protein, lipid and metabolic panels and lymphocyte gene expression fold changes were measured using multiplex assays, clinical laboratory services and TaqMan real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Fold changes in gene expression were determined using the Pfaffl method. Response variables were converted into incremental AUC, tested for differences, and corrected for multiple comparisons. The postprandial insulin response was significantly lower following the meal containing MFGM (P < 0·01). The gene encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) was shown to be more up-regulated in the absence of MFGM (P = 0·009). Secondary analyses showed that participants with higher baseline cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (Chol:HDL) had a greater reduction in gene expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTBR) with the WC+MFGM meal. The protein and lipid composition of MFGM is thought to be anti-inflammatory. These exploratory analyses suggest that addition of MFGM to a high-saturated fat meal modifies postprandial insulin response and offers a protective role for those individuals with higher baseline Chol:HDL.
Keywords: ARA, arachidonic acid; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; CRP, C-reactive protein; Chol:HDL, cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio; Cytokines; EPHX2, soluble epoxide hydrolase; Inflammatory markers; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTBR, lymphotoxin β receptor; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; MetS, metabolic syndrome; Metabolic syndrome; Milk fat globule membrane; Overweight; Postprandial inflammation; SAA, serum amyloid A; Saturated fat; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC, whipping cream; iAUC, incremental AUC; sEH, soluble epoxide hydrolase.