Ischemic Preconditioning Maintains Performance on Two 5-km Time Trials in Hypoxia

Abstract

Purpose: The ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on endurance exercise performed in hypoxia remains debated and has never been investigated with successive exercise bouts. Therefore, we evaluated if IPC would provide immediate or delayed effects during two 5-km cycling time trials (TT) separated by ~1 h in hypoxia.

Methods: In a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, 13 healthy males (27.5 ± 3.6 yr) performed two maximal cycling 5-km TT separated by ~1 h of recovery (TT1 25 min and TT2 2 h post-IPC/SHAM), preceded by IPC (3 × 5 min occlusion 220 mm Hg/reperfusion 0 mm Hg, bilaterally on thighs) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) at normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] of 16%). Performance and physiological (i.e., oxyhemoglobin saturation, heart rate, blood lactate, and vastus lateralis oxygenation) parameters were recorded.

Results: Time to complete (P = 0.011) 5-km TT and mean power output (P = 0.005) from TT1 to TT2 were worse in SHAM, but not in IPC (P = 0.381/P = 0.360, respectively). There were no differences in time, power output, or physiological variables during the two TT between IPC and SHAM. All muscle oxygenation indices differed (P < 0.001) during the IPC/SHAM with a greater deoxygenation in IPC. During the TT, there was a greater concentration of total hemoglobin in IPC than SHAM (P = 0.047) and greater total hemoglobin in TT1 than TT2. Further, the concentration of oxyhemoglobin was lower during TT2 than TT1 (P = 0.005).

Conclusion: In moderate hypoxia, IPC allowed maintaining a higher blood volume during a subsequent maximal exercise, mitigating the performance decrement between two consecutive cycling TT.