Insecticidal activities of cinnamic acid esters isolated from Ocimum gratissimum L. and Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn leaves against Tribolium castaneum Hebst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract

Background: Pest management using botanicals has been widely practiced in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world in recent times. The natural compounds present in these botanicals are known to be responsible for the protection they offer against insect pests. Some of these compounds may act as single compounds to produce an effect or they may be synergistically effective. In the present study using a bioassay guided approach, two cinnamic acid derivatives, methyl cinnamate and sitosterol cinnamate, were isolated from the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Vitellaria paradoxa, respectively.

Results: The two cinnamic acid derivatives were found to show higher levels of insecticidal, larvicidal and larval growth inhibition activities against Tribolium castaneum. The LC₅₀ of methyl cinnamate was determined to be 26.92 mg mL^-1 (95% CL: 1.18.66-38.84 mg mL^-1 ; slope ± SE: 2.84 ± 0.81) for the adult 8.31 mg mL^-1 (95% CL: 2.39-28.83 mg mL^-1 ; slope ± SE: 0.66 ± 0.28) for the larvae while the LC₅₀ of sitosterol cinnamate was determined to be 6.92 mg mL^-1 (95% CL: 3.97-12.06 mg mL^-1 ; slope ± SE: 1.59 ± 0.12) the adult and 3.91 mg mL^-1 (95% CL: 2.21-6.93 mg mL^-1 ; slope ± SE: 1.52 ± 0.13) for the larvae.

Conclusion: Generally, the susceptibility of adult T. castaneum to these cinnamic acid esters can be directly associated with the concentration as well as time of exposure to the compounds. The isolated compounds support the use of O. gratissimum and V. paradoxa as important botanicals for the management of storage pests. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Keywords: bioactive compounds; bioassay; larvicidal activity; methyl cinnamate; sitosterol cinnamate; β -sitosterol.