Luminescent Cu(I) complexes are promising emitting materials for electroluminescent devices due to their low cost and abundant resources, as well as high emission efficiency. It is well-known that N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are excellent ligands for transition metal complexes. To investigate the photophysical properties of Cu(I)-NHC complexes, a series of new mononuclear four-coordinate Cu(I) complexes supported by the diphosphine ligand bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (POP) and the NHC ligands, consisting of imidazolylidene and pyrimidine units, were synthesized and fully characterized. To tune the photophysical properties of these Cu(I)-NHC complexes, the NHC ligands were attached with electron-withdrawing/donating groups (fluorine, chlorine, methyl and methoxyl) at the pyrimidine unit. All of these Cu(I)-NHC complexes adopt the typical distorted tetrahedral configuration. The electron-donating groups can lead to shorter Cu-N bond distances and longer Cu-C bond distances compared to the electron-withdrawing groups. Theoretical calculation results show that the highest occupied molecular orbitals are mainly distributed on the Cu(I) ion, POP, and carbene unit, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals are mostly located on the pyrimidine unit of NHC ligands. The lowest energy electronic transitions of these Cu(I)-NHC complexes are mainly the metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer transition. These Cu(I)-NHC complexes in solid state show tunable emissions from 530 to 618 nm with efficiencies of 0.5-38.1% at room temperature. The photophysical behaviors of these complexes at 298 and 50 K match well with the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics.
Keywords: Cu(I) complexes; N-heterocyclic carbene; crystal structures; theoretical calculations; thermally activated delayed fluorescence.