Background: 'Pop-up' warning messages have potential as a Responsible Gambling tool, but many warning messages in the literature are generic. The present study simulated digital roulette to compare the effectiveness of expenditure-specific, generic and control messages, during online roulette.
Methods: Forty-five casual gamblers participated in a laboratory setting. Gambles were 'rigged' such that participants suffered a net loss. Total 'play money' wagers from individual bets after the presentation of the messages were measured.
Results: Expenditure-specific warning messages demonstrated significant reductions in wager amounts compared with other message types - Generic (p = .035) and Control messages (p < .001). No significant differences were found between Generic and Control messages (p > .05). Thus expenditure-specific warning messages about current losses were more effective than generic messages for reducing expenditure.
Conclusions: Expenditure-specific warning messages exhibit potential for ameliorating potentially harmful gambling behaviour. Expenditure-specific messages should be tested in a broader range of gambling contexts to examine their generalizability and potential for implementation in the gambling industry.
Keywords: Electronic gaming machines; Harm minimisation; Pop-ups; Responsible gambling; Warning messages.