Harnessing ionic mechanisms to achieve disease modification in neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract

Progressive neuronal death is the key pathogenic event leading to clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Neuroprotective treatments are virtually unavailable, partly because of the marked internal heterogeneity of the mechanisms underlying pathology. Targeted neuroprotection would require deep mechanistic knowledge across the entire aetiological spectrum of each NDD and the development of tailored treatments. Although ideal, this strategy appears challenging, as it would require a degree of characterization of both the disease and the patient that is currently unavailable. The alternate strategy is to search for commonalities across molecularly distinct NDD forms and exploit these for the development of drugs with broad-spectrum efficacy. In this view, mounting evidence points to ionic mechanisms (IMs) as targets with potential therapeutic efficacy across distinct NDD subtypes. The scope of this review is to present clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the link between disruption of IMs and neuronal death in specific NDDs and to critically revise past and ongoing attempts of harnessing IMs for the development of neuroprotective treatments.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Anle 138b (PubChem CID: 44608289); Baclofen (PubChem CID: 2284); Chlorzoxazone (PubChem CID: 2733); Dantrolene (PubChem CID: 6914273); Diazoxide (PubChem CID: 3019); Flecainide (PubChem CID: 3356); Ion channels; Isradipine (PubChem CID: 3784); Lamotrigine (PubChem CID: 3878); Memantine (PubChem CID: 4054); Mitochondria; Neurodegeneration; Neurodegenerative disorders; Neuroprotection; Oxidative stress; Parkinson’s disease; Patch clamp; Retinal degenerative disorders; Riluzole (PubChem CID: 5070); Spinocerebellar ataxia.