Miltefosine increases macrophage cholesterol release and inhibits NLRP3-inflammasome assembly and IL-1β release

Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 31;9(1):11128. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47610-w.

Abstract

Miltefosine is an FDA approved oral drug for treating cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania is a flagellated protozoa, which infects and differentiates in macrophages. Here, we studied the effects of Miltefosine on macrophage's lipid homeostasis, autophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly/activity. Miltefosine treatment conferred multiple effects on macrophage lipid homeostasis leading to increased cholesterol release from cells, increased lipid-raft disruption, decreased phosphatidylserine (PS) flip from the cell-surface, and redistribution of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) from the plasma membrane to actin rich regions in the cells. Enhanced basal autophagy, lipophagy and mitophagy was observed in cells treated with Miltefosine vs. control. Miltefosine treated cells showed marked increased in phosphorylation of kinases involved in autophagy induction such as; Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1). The Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was blunted by Miltefosine treatment, resulting in decreased TLR4 recruitment to cell-surface and ~75% reduction in LPS induced pro-IL-1β mRNA levels. Miltefosine reduced endotoxin-mediated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and protected the mitochondrial membrane potential. Miltefosine treatment induced mitophagy and dampened NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Collectively, our data shows that Miltefosine induced ABCA1 mediated cholesterol release, induced AMPK phosphorylation and mitophagy, while dampening NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and IL-1β release.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Autophagy / drug effects
  • Cell Line
  • Cholesterol / metabolism*
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Inflammasomes / drug effects*
  • Inflammasomes / metabolism
  • Interleukin-1beta / metabolism*
  • Macrophages / drug effects*
  • Macrophages / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mitochondria / drug effects
  • Mitochondria / metabolism
  • NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein / metabolism*
  • Phosphorylation / drug effects
  • Phosphorylcholine / analogs & derivatives*
  • Phosphorylcholine / pharmacology
  • RAW 264.7 Cells
  • Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects

Substances

  • IL1B protein, human
  • Inflammasomes
  • Interleukin-1beta
  • NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
  • NLRP3 protein, human
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
  • Phosphorylcholine
  • miltefosine
  • Cholesterol