Cryptococcus gattii alters immunostimulatory potential in response to the environment

PLoS One. 2019 Aug 9;14(8):e0220989. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220989. eCollection 2019.

Abstract

Cryptococcus gattii is a capsular fungal pathogen, which causes life-threatening cryptococcosis in immunocompetent individuals. This emerging pathogen is less likely to be recognized by innate immunity compared to traditional Cryptococcus neoformans strains. Previous studies indicate that C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), including dectin-1 and dectin-2, play a role in recognizing cryptococcal cells; however, it remains to be elucidated whether the receptors physically associate with C. gattii yeast cell surfaces. Based on the previous findings, we hypothesized that culture conditions influence the expression or exposure of CLR ligands on C. gattii. Therefore, in the present study, we first investigated the culture conditions that induce exposure of CLR ligands on C. gattii yeast cells via the binding assay using recombinant fusion proteins of mouse CLR and IgG Fc, Fc dectin-1 and Fc dectin-2. Common fungal culture media, such as yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) broth, Sabouraud broth, and potato dextrose agar, did not induce the exposure of dectin-1 ligands, including β-1,3-glucan, on both capsular and acapsular C. gattii strains, in contrast to Fc dectin-1 and Fc dectin-2 bound to C. gattii cells growing in the conventional synthetic dextrose (SD) medium [may also be referred to as a yeast nitrogen base with glucose medium]. The medium also induced the exposure of dectin-1 ligands on C. neoformans, whereas all tested media induced dectin-1 and dectin-2 ligands in a control fungus Candida albicans. Notably, C. gattii did not expose dectin-1 ligands in SD medium supplemented with yeast extract or neutral buffer. In addition, compared to YPD medium-induced C. gattii, SD medium-induced C. gattii more efficiently induced the phosphorylation of Syk, Akt, and Erk1/2 in murine dendritic cells (DCs). Afterwards, the cells were considerably engulfed by DCs and remarkably induced DCs to secrete the inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the findings suggest that C. gattii alters its immunostimulatory potential in response to the environment.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Bone Marrow Cells / metabolism
  • Cell Membrane / metabolism
  • Cryptococcus gattii / growth & development
  • Cryptococcus gattii / immunology*
  • Dendritic Cells / metabolism
  • Environment*
  • Immunomodulation*
  • Lectins, C-Type / metabolism
  • Ligands
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Protein Binding
  • Solubility

Substances

  • Lectins, C-Type
  • Ligands
  • dectin 1

Grants and funding

This work was supported by: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan [KAKENHI 17K18385], Takeda Science Foundation, Tomy Digital Biology Co. Ltd [LEGEND Research Grant Program 2015] to Keigo Ueno; and by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan [KAKENHI 17K10040], Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED [JP19fk0108045 and JP19fk0108094] to Yoshitsugu Miyazaki. These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.