Variations in the body surface temperature of sows during the post weaning period and its relation to subsequent reproductive performance

Abstract

Objective: A study was made investigate factors affecting body surface temperature changes after weaning in sows, whether these can be used to aid detection of natural estrus and how they relate to subsequent reproductive performance.

Methods: A total of 132 sows were selected during summer from a breeding farm, with mean parity of 3.6±2.3 and 28.5±0.9 days lactation length. Four daily measurements (6:00, 8:00, 16:00, and 18:00) of vulva (VST), udder (UST), ear base and central back skin temperatures for individual sows were taken by an infrared thermometer, continuing up to 8 days post weaning.

Results: The VST obtained from sows showing estrus at 4 days post-weaning (4DPW), 5DPW, and 6DPW showed a peak at the fourth day post-weaning, but then started to decrease. The VST of sows not detected in standing heat (NDPW) remained at a lower level during the experiment, but UST was increased soon after weaning. The VST-UST temperature differences during daytime of sows that were showing behavioural standing heat on 4DPW, 5DPW, 6DPW, and 7DPW were 0.46°C±0.123°C, 0.71°C±0.124°C, 0.66°C ±0.171°C, and 0.58°C±0.223°C, respectively. The NDPW sows had the highest UST observed, but also the lowest VST so that a more negative value of temperature difference (-0.31°C) was seen during first few days post-weaning. A total of 119 sows were observed to show standing heat and were bred. The later the estrus, the smaller the litter size (p = 0.005).

Conclusion: Sows which did not show behavior indicative of stable standing heat after weaning had a VST which remained at a lower level, but the UST increased soon after weaning. Therefore, for sow heat detection under field conditions, the changes of VST and UST and difference between the two should be considered together to increase the accuracy of detection.

Keywords: Estrus; Infrared Technology; Reproduction; Sow; Weaning.

Figure 1

The distribution of sow’s vulva surface temperature (°C) from day 1 to day 8 post-weaning for sows with different days to first show behavioural standing heat. The temperatures of sows were measured four times daily by using an infrared thermometer and following the dynamics continuously up to 8 days post weaning (n = 132). DPW, day post-weaning on which heat was first shown; NDPW, day post-weaning on which not detected in standing heat.

Figure 2

The distribution of sow’s udder surface temperature (°C) from day 1 to day 8 post-weaning for sows with different days to first show behavioural standing heat. The temperatures of sows were measured four times daily by using an infrared thermometer and following the dynamics continuously up to 8 days post weaning (n = 132). DPW, day post-weaning on which heat was first shown; NDPW, day post-weaning on which not detected in standing heat.

Figure 3

The variation in vulva–udder surface temperature (°C) from day 1 to day 8 post-weaning for sows with different days to first show behavioural standing heat. The vulva–udder temperature differences of sows were compared four times daily and following the dynamics continuously up to 8 days post weaning (n = 132). DPW, day post-weaning on which heat was first shown; NDPW, day post-weaning on which not detected in standing heat.