Chronic Spinal Pain: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
• ² Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
• ³ Interventional Spine and Musculoskeletal Care, Virginia iSpine Physicians, PC Virginia Spine Research Institute, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA.
• ⁴ Pain Department, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.