Herpes Virus Entry Mediator (HVEM): A Novel Potential Mediator of Trauma-Induced Immunosuppression

Abstract

Background: Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) is a coinhibitory molecule which can both stimulate and inhibit host immune responses. Altered expression of HVEM and its ligands is associated with increased nosocomial infections in septic patients. We hypothesize critically ill trauma patients will display increased lymphocyte HVEM expression and that such alteration is predictive of infectious events.

Materials and methods: Trauma patients prospectively enrolled from the ICU were compared with healthy controls. Leukocytes were isolated from whole blood, stained for CD3 (lymphocytes) and HVEM, and evaluated by flow cytometry. Charts were reviewed for injuries sustained, APACHE II score, hospital course, and secondary infections.

Results: Trauma patients (n = 31) were older (46.7 ± 2.4 versus 36.8 ± 2.1 y; P = 0.03) than healthy controls (n = 10), but matched for male sex (74% versus 60%; P = 0.4). Trauma patients had higher presenting WBC (13.9 ± 1.3 versus 5.6 ± 0.5 × 10⁶/mL; P = 0.002), lower percentage of CD3⁺ lymphocytes (7.5% ± 0.8 versus 22.5% ± 0.9; P < 0.001), but significantly greater expression of HVEM⁺/CD3⁺ lymphocytes (89.6% ± 1.46 versus 67.3% ± 1.7; P < 0.001). Among trauma patients, secondary infection during the hospitalization was associated with higher APACHE II scores (20.6 ± 1.6 versus 13.6 ± 1.4; P = 0.03) and markedly lower CD3⁺ lymphocyte HVEM expression (75% ± 2.6 versus 93% ± 0.7; P < 0.01).

Conclusions: HVEM expression on CD3⁺ cells increases after trauma. Patients developing secondary infections have less circulating HVEM⁺CD3⁺. This implies HVEM signaling in lymphocytes plays a role in maintaining host defense to infection in after trauma. HVEM expression may represent a marker of infectious risk as well as a potential therapeutic target, modulating immune responses to trauma.

Keywords: HVEM; Immunosuppression; Lymphocytes; Trauma.