Modification of Blood Test Draw Order to Reduce Blood Culture Contamination: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Frederic S Zimmerman; Hani Karameh; Eli Ben-Chetrit; Todd Zalut; Marc Assous; Phillip D Levin

doi:10.1093/cid/ciz971

Modification of Blood Test Draw Order to Reduce Blood Culture Contamination: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 22;71(5):1215-1220. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz971.

Authors

Frederic S Zimmerman¹, Hani Karameh², Eli Ben-Chetrit³, Todd Zalut⁴, Marc Assous⁵, Phillip D Levin¹

Affiliations

¹ Critical Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
² Department of Geriatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
³ Infectious Disease Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁵ Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.

PMID: 31570942
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz971

Abstract

Background: Blood culture contamination leads to unnecessary interventions and costs. It may be caused by bacteria in deep skin structures unsusceptible to surface decontamination. This study was designed to test whether diversion of blood obtained at venipuncture into a lithium heparin tube prior to aspiration of blood culture reduces contamination.

Methods: The order of blood draws for biochemistry and blood cultures was randomized. Following standard disinfection and venipuncture, blood was either aspirated into a sterile lithium heparin tube before blood culture bottles (diversion group) or blood cultures first and then lithium heparin tube (control group). All study personnel were blinded with the exception of the phlebotomist.

Results: After exclusions, 970 blood culture/biochemistry sets were analyzed. Contamination occurred in 24 of 480 (5.0%) control vs 10 of 490 (2.0%) diversion group cultures (P = .01). True pathogens were identified in 26 of 480 (5.4%) control vs 18 of 490 (3.7%) diversion cultures (P = .22). Despite randomization, demographic differences were apparent between the 2 groups. A post hoc analysis of 637 cultures from 610 medical patients admitted from home neutralized demographic differences. Culture contamination remained more frequent in the control vs diversion group (17/312 [5%] vs 7/325 [2%]; P = .03). Fewer diversion group patients were admitted to hospital (control: 200/299 [66.9%] vs diversion: 182/311 [58.5%]; P = .03), and length of stay was shorter (control: 30 hours [interquartile range {IQR}, 6-122] vs diversion: 22 [IQR, 5-97]; P = .02).

Conclusions: Use of lithium heparin tubes for diversion prior to obtaining blood cultures led to a 60% decrease in contamination. This technique is easy and inexpensive and might decrease overall hospital length of stay.

Clinical trials registration: NCT03966534.

Keywords: bacteremia; blood culture; contamination; diversion device; emergency room.

Publication types

Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

Blood Culture*
Blood Specimen Collection
Equipment Contamination
Hematologic Tests
Humans
Phlebotomy*
Prospective Studies

Associated data

ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03966534