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Review
. 2019 Oct 6;10(10):CD012552.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012552.pub2.

Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Juan Va Franco  1 , Tarek Turk, Jae Hung Jung, Yu-Tian Xiao, Stanislav Iakhno, Federico Ignacio Tirapegui, Virginia Garrote, Valeria Vietto
Affiliations
Review

Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Juan Va Franco et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common disorder in which the two main clinical features are pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms. There are currently many approaches for its management, using both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The National Institute of Health - Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score is a validated measure commonly used to measure CP/CPPS symptoms. We considered a 25% decrease of NIH-CPSI baseline score or a six-point reduction as MCID.

Objectives: To assess the effects of pharmacological therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Search methods: We performed a comprehensive search using CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, trial registries, grey literature and conference proceedings, with no restrictions on the language of publication or publication status. The date of the latest search of all databases was July 2019.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials. Inclusion criteria were men with a diagnosis of CP/CPPS. We included all available pharmacological interventions compared to placebo or in head-to-head comparisons.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the risks of bias of included studies. We assessed the quality of the evidence (QoE) using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 99 unique studies in 9119 men with CP/CPPS, with assessments of 16 types of pharmacological interventions. Unless stated otherwise, our comparisons were based on short-term follow-up (less than 12 months). Most studies did not specify their funding sources; 21 studies reported funding from pharmaceutical companies.1. Alpha blockers: (24 studies, 2061 participants). We are uncertain about the effects of these drugs on prostatitis symptoms when compared to placebo at short-term follow-up (mean difference (MD) in total NIH-CPSI score -5.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.41 to -2.61; 18 studies, 1524 participants, very low QoE) and at long-term follow-up (MD -5.60, 95% CI -10.89 to -0.32; 4 studies, 235 participants, very low QoE). Alpha blockers may be associated with an increased incidence of adverse events, such as dizziness and postural hypotension (risk ratio (RR) 1.60, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.34; 19 studies, 1588 participants; low QoE). Alpha blockers probably result in little to no difference in sexual dysfunction, quality of life and anxiety and depression (moderate to low QoE).2. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARI): (2 studies, 177 participants). Finasteride probably reduces prostatitis symptoms compared to placebo (NIH-CPSI score MD -4.60, 95% CI -5.43 to -3.77; 1 study, 64 participants; moderate QoE) and may not be associated with an increased incidence of adverse events (low QoE). There was no information on sexual dysfunction, quality of life or anxiety and depression.3. Antibiotics: (6 studies, 693 participants). Antibiotics (quinolones) may reduce prostatitis symptoms compared to placebo (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.43, 95% CI -4.72 to -0.15; 5 studies, 372 participants; low QoE) and are probably not associated with an increased incidence in adverse events (moderate QoE). Antibiotics probably result in little to no difference in sexual dysfunction and quality of life (moderate QoE). There was no information on anxiety or depression.4. Anti-inflammatories: (7 studies, 585 participants). Anti-inflammatories may reduce prostatitis symptoms compared to placebo (NIH-CPSI scores MD -2.50, 95% CI -3.74 to -1.26; 7 studies, 585 participants; low QoE) and may not be associated with an increased incidence in adverse events (low QoE). There was no information on sexual dysfunction, quality of life or anxiety and depression.5. Phytotherapy: (7 studies, 551 participants). Phytotherapy may reduce prostatitis symptoms compared to placebo (NIH-CPSI scores MD -5.02, 95% CI -6.81 to -3.23; 5 studies, 320 participants; low QoE) and may not be associated with an increased incidence in adverse events (low QoE). Phytotherapy may not improve sexual dysfunction (low QoE). There was no information on quality of life or anxiety and depression.6. Botulinum toxin A (BTA): Intraprostatic BTA injection (1 study, 60 participants) may cause a large reduction in prostatitis symptom (NIH-CPSI scores MD -25.80, 95% CI -30.15 to -21.45), whereas pelvic floor muscle BTA injection (1 study, 29 participants) may not reduce prostatitis symptoms (low QoE). Both comparisons used a placebo injection. These interventions may not be associated with an increased incidence in adverse events (low QoE). There was no information on sexual dysfunction, quality of life or anxiety and depression.7. Allopurinol: (2 studies, 110 participants). Allopurinol may result in little to no difference in prostatitis symptoms and adverse events when compared to placebo (low QoE). There was no information on sexual dysfunction, quality of life or anxiety and depression.8. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): (7 studies, 835 participants); TCM may reduce prostatitis symptoms (NIH-CPSI score, MD -3.13, 95% CI -4.99 to -1.28; low QoE) and may not be associated with an increased incidence in adverse events (low QoE). TCM probably does not improve sexual dysfunction (moderate QoE) and may not improve symptoms of anxiety and depression (low QoE). There was no information on quality of life.The most frequent reasons for downgrading the QoE were study limitations, inconsistency and imprecision. We found few trials with active comparators.

Authors' conclusions: We found low- to very low-quality evidence that alpha blockers, antibiotics, 5-ARI, anti-inflammatories, phytotherapy, intraprostatic BTA injection, and traditional Chinese medicine may cause a reduction in prostatitis symptoms without an increased incidence of adverse events in the short term, except for alpha blockers which may be associated with an increase in mild adverse events. We found few trials with active comparators and little evidence of the effects of these drugs on sexual dysfunction, quality of life or anxiety and depression. Future clinical trials should include a full report of their methods, including adequate masking, consistent assessment of all patient-important outcomes, including potential treatment-related adverse events, and appropriate sample sizes.

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Conflict of interest statement

JVAF: none known.

TT: none known.

YX: none known.

SI: none known.

JHJ: none known.

FIT: none known.

VG: none known.

VV: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, outcome: 1.1 Prostatitis symptoms: short term.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, outcome: 1.8 Adverse events.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms: short term.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 4 Prostatitis symptoms: quality of life.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 5 Prostatitis symptoms: responders rate.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 6 Prostatitis symptoms: long term.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 7 Prostatitis symptoms: long term.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 8 Adverse events.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 9 Sexual dysfunction.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 10 Quality of life: mental.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 11 Quality of life: physical.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 12 Anxiety and depression.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 13 Urinary symptoms.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 14 Prostatitis symptoms: responders rate (sensitivity analysis according to risk of bias).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 15 Adverse events (sensitivity analysis according to risk of bias).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 16 Prostatitis symptoms: short term (subgroup analysis by co‐interventions).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Alpha‐blockers versus placebo, Outcome 17 Adverse events (subgroup analysis by co‐interventions).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 5 alpha reductase inhibitors versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 5 alpha reductase inhibitors versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: responder rate.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 5 alpha reductase inhibitors versus placebo, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 4 Prostatitis symptoms: quality of life.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 5 Prostatitis symptoms: responder rate.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 6 Adverse events.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 7 Sexual dysfunction.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 8 Quality of life: mental.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 9 Quality of life: physical.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 10 Urinary symptoms.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 11 Prostatitis symptoms: subgroup analysis (age).
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 12 Adverse events: subgroup analysis (age).
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 13 Prostatitis symptoms: subgroup analysis (co‐interventions).
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 Antibiotic therapy versus placebo, Outcome 14 Adverse events: subgroup analysis (co‐interventions).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 4 Prostatitis symptoms: quality of life.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 5 Prostatitis symptoms: responder rate.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 6 Prostatitis symptoms: long term.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 7 Adverse events.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 8 Urinary symptoms.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 9 Prostatitis symptoms: subgroup analysis (co‐interventions).
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Antiinflammatories versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain subscore.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary symptoms.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 4 Prostatitis symptoms: quality of life.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 5 Prostatitis symptoms: responder rate.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 6 Adverse events.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 7 Sexual dysfunction.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 8 Urinary symptoms.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 9 Prostatitis symptoms: subgroup analysis (co‐interventions).
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 Phytotherapy versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events: subgroup analysis (co‐interventions).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Botulinum toxin A versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Botulinum toxin A versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain subscore.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Botulinum toxin A versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary subscore.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Botulinum toxin A versus placebo, Outcome 4 Prostatitis symptoms: quality of life.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Botulinum toxin A versus placebo, Outcome 5 Adverse events.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Botulinum toxin A versus placebo, Outcome 6 Urinary symptoms.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Allopurinol versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Allopurinol versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain subscore.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Allopurinol versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary subscore.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 1 Prostatitis symptoms.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 2 Prostatitis symptoms: pain subscore.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 3 Prostatitis symptoms: urinary subscore.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 4 Prostatitis symptoms: quality of life.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 5 Adverse events.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 6 Sexual dysfunction.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 7 Anxiety and depression: anxiety.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 Traditional chinese medicine versus placebo or usual care, Outcome 8 Anxiety and depression: depression.
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References

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    1. Park HJ, Park NC, Kim TN, Nam JK. The efficacy of mirodenafil for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in middle aged patients. Journal of Urology 2013;189(4):e479.
Kulovac 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kulovac B, Aganović D, Prcić A, Hadziosmanović O. Management of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2007;7(3):245‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Lacquaniti 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lacquaniti S, Destito A, Servello C, Candidi MO, Weir JM, Brisinda G, et al. Terazosine and tamsulosin in non bacterial prostatitis: a randomized placebo‐controlled study. Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia 1999;71(5):283‐5. - PubMed
Lee 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lee RA, West RM, Wilson JD. The response to sertraline in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2005;81(2):147‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2006a {published data only}
    1. Lee CB, Ha US, Lee SJ, Kim SW, Cho YH. Preliminary experience with a terpene mixture versus ibuprofen for treatment of category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. World Journal of Urology 2006;24(1):55‐60. - PubMed
Leskinen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Leskinen M, Lukkarinen O, Marttila T. Effects of finasteride in patients with inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, pilot study. Urology 1999;53(3):502‐5. - PubMed
Li 2003 {published data only}
    1. Li NC, Zhang K, Xiao H, et al. The efficacy and safety of Prostant in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a multi center, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Urology November 2003;24(11):780‐2.
Li 2007 {published data only}
    1. Li B, Jiang LJ, Chai J. Clinical observation on treatment of chronic prostatitis syndrome type III B by Tiaoshen Tonglin Decoction. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2007;27(3):251‐4. - PubMed
Li 2012 {published data only}
    1. Li JP, Chong T, Chen HW, Li HC, Cao J, Zhang P, et al. Qianlieping capsule plus alpha‐blocker for chronic non‐bacterial prostatitis: analysis of 220 cases. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2012;18(9):856‐8. - PubMed
Lin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lin ZF, Chen BT, Zeng K, Lan HM, Wun J. Effects of Huafenqinutang and vardenafil for treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with concomitant erectile dysfunction. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2007;27(4):532‐4. - PubMed
Lu 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lu M, Zhao ST, Wang SM, Shi BK, Fan YD, Wang JZ. Alpha‐blockers and bioflavonoids in men with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (NIH‐IIIa): a prospective, placebo‐controlled trial. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2004;25(2):169‐72. - PubMed
Macchione 2017 {published data only}
    1. Macchione N, Catalani M. Pollen extract in association with vitamins (deprox 500 ) versus serenoa repens in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome; a single center experience. Journal of Urology. 112th Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association, AUA 2017. United States 2017; Vol. 197, issue 4 Supplement 1:e120.
Maurizi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Maurizi A, Luca F, Zanghi A, Manzi E, Leonardo C, Guidotti M, et al. The role of nutraceutical medications in men with non bacterial chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective non blinded study utilizing flower pollen extracts versus bioflavonoids. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica 2019;90(4):260‐4. [PUBMED: 30655636] - PubMed
Mehik 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mehik A, Alas P, Nickel JC, Sarpola A, Helstrom PJ. Alfuzosin treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, pilot study. Urology 2003;62(3):425‐9. - PubMed
Mo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mo KI, Lee KS, Kim DG. Efficacy of combination therapy for patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective study. Korean Journal of Urology 2006;47(5):536‐40.
Morgia 2010 {published data only}
    1. Morgia G, Mucciardi G, Gali A, Madonia M, Marchese F, Benedetto A, et al. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome category IIIA with Serenoa repens plus selenium and lycopene (Profluss) versus S. repens alone: an Italian randomized multicenter‐controlled study. Urology International 2010;84(4):400‐6. - PubMed
Morgia 2017 {published data only}
    1. Morgia G, Russo GI, Urzi D, Privitera S, Castelli T, Favilla V, et al. A phase II, randomized, single‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of Curcumina and Calendula suppositories for the treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome type III. Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia 2017;89(2):110‐3. - PubMed
Nickel 2003a {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Casey RW, Pommerville PJ, Barkin J, et al. Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a randomized placebo‐controlled multicenter trial. Urology 2003;62(4):614‐7. - PubMed
Nickel 2003b {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, Pontari M, Moon T, Gittelman M, Malek G, Farrington J, et al. A randomized, placebo controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rofecoxib in the treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Journal of Urology 2003;169(4):1401‐5. - PubMed
Nickel 2004a {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, Downey J, Pontari MA, Shoskes D A, Zeitlin SI. A randomized placebo‐controlled multicentre study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of finasteride for male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category IIIA chronic nonbacterial prostatitis). BJU International 2004;93(7):991‐5. - PubMed
Nickel 2004b {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, Narayan P, McKay J, Doyle C. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with tamsulosin: a randomized double blind trial. Journal of Urology 2004;171(4):1594‐7. - PubMed
Nickel 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, Forrest JB, Tomera K, Hernandez‐Graulau J, Moon TD, Schaeffer AJ, et al. Pentosan polysulfate sodium therapy for men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology 2005;173(4):1252‐5. - PubMed
Nickel 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, Krieger JN, McNaughton‐Collins M, Anderson RU, Pontari M, Shoskes DA, et al. Alfuzosin and symptoms of chronic prostatitis‐chronic pelvic pain syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359(25):2663‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Nickel 2011a {published data only}
    1. Nickel JC, O'Leary M, Lepor H, Caramelli K, Thomas H, Hill LA, et al. Effects of silodosin in men with moderate or severe chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 2 study. Journal of Urology 2011;185(4):e574. - PubMed
    1. Nickel JC, O'Leary MP, Lepor H, Caramelli KE, Thomas H, Hill LA, et al. Silodosin for men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: results of a phase II multicenter, double‐blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology 2011;186(1):125‐31. - PubMed
Nickel 2016 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2008‐004861‐25‐SE. A PHASE 2, 16 WEEK, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE‐BLIND PLACEBO‐CONTROLLED, PARALLEL GROUP PROOF‐OF‐CONCEPT STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF TANEZUMAB FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ABACTERIAL PROSTATITIS. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2008‐004861‐25/SE (Date on which this record was first entered in the EudraCT database: 2008‐12‐18).
    1. Nickel JC, Atkinson G, Krieger J, Mills IW, Pontari M, Shoskes DA, et al. Tanezumab therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): Preliminary assessment of efficacy and safety in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Urology 2011;185(4):e573‐4.
    1. Nickel JC, Atkinson G, Krieger JN, Mills IW, Pontari M, Shoskes DA, et al. Preliminary assessment of safety and efficacy in proof‐of‐concept, randomized clinical trial of tanezumab for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 2012;80(5):1105‐10. - PubMed
    1. Nickel JC, Mills IW, Crook TJ, Jorga A, Smith MD, Atkinson G, et al. Tanezumab reduces pain in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and patients with nonurological associated somatic syndromes. Journal of Urology 2016;195(4P1):942‐8. - PubMed
Okada 1985 {published data only}
    1. Okada S, Hamada K, Takasaki N, Demura A, Okano H, Kirime S, et al. Clinical application of PPC for nonspecific chronic prostatitis. Hinyokika Kiyo 1985;31:179–85. - PubMed
Park 2005 {published data only}
    1. Park SJ, Yoon HN, Shim BS. Prevention of relapse with the cranberry juice in chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Korean Journal of Urology 2005;46(1):63‐7.
Park 2012 {published data only}
    1. Park PH, Park PN. The efficacy of tadalafil for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in young and middle aged patients. European Urology Supplements 2012;11(1):e280.
Park 2017 {published data only}
    1. Park HJ, Park NC, Moon DG, Kim TN, Nam JK, Park SW. Efficacy of tadalafil for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in patients without erectile dysfunction. European Urology Supplements 2017;16(3):e453.
Peng 2003 {published data only}
    1. Peng SF, Yang ZZ, Lin XF, Li SF, Xie Z, Cai J, et al. Clinical trials of antiphlogistic agent series in treating chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2003;9(9):716‐9. - PubMed
Persson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Persson BE, Ronquist G. Abacterial prostatitis and uric acid in prostatic expressate, and objective and subjective effect of allopurinol treatment: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology Nephrology Supplement 1994;164:21‐2.
    1. Persson BE, Ronquist G. Allopurinol treatment results in elevated prostate‐specific antigen levels in prostatic fluid and serum of patients with non‐bacterial prostatitis. European Urology 1996;29(1):111‐4. - PubMed
    1. Persson BE, Ronquist G, Ekblom M. Ameliorative effect of allopurinol on nonbacterial prostatitis: a parallel double‐blind controlled study. Journal of Urology 1996;155(3):961‐4. - PubMed
Pontari 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pontari MA, Krieger JN, Litwin MS, White PC, Anderson RU, McNaughton‐Collins M, et al. A randomized placebo‐controlled multicenter trial of pregabalin for the treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Journal of Urology 2009;181(4):123.
    1. Pontari MA, Krieger JN, Litwin MS, White PC, Anderson RU, McNaughton‐Collins M, et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(17):1586‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Reissigl 2004 {published data only}
    1. Reissigl A, Djavan B, Pointner J. Prospective placebo‐controlled multicenter trial on safety and efficacy of phytotherapy in the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Journal of Urology 2004;171(61):Abstract 233. [MEDLINE: ]
Ryu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ryu Y‐G, Kim H‐J, Park H‐J. The efficacy of alfuzosin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in young and middle aged patients. Korean Journal of Urology 2007;48(8):858‐62.
Shi 1994 {published data only}
    1. Shi ZC, Tan CY, Li BH. Treating 60 patients with nonbacterial prostatitis by Qian Lie An Wan. Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine[bei Jing Zhong Yi Yao da Xue Xue Bao] 1994;17(1):44.
Shoskes 1999 {published data only}
    1. Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Shahed A, Rajfer J. Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Urology 1999;54(6):960‐3. - PubMed
Singh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Singh P, Shukla A, Dogra PN. Role of PDE‐5 inhibitor in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized control trial. Journal of Urology 2017;197(4):e119.
Sivkov 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sivkov AV, Oshchepkov VN, Egorov AA. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of terazosine efficacy in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis. Urologiia 2005;1:47‐53. - PubMed
Sun 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sun YY, Chen ZG. Clinical observation of Qianlieantong tablet combined with terazosin hydrochlorid in treating chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Chinese Journal of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine 2008;15(6):65‐6.
Tan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Tan Y, Zhu X, Liu Y. Clinical efficiency of tamsulosin combining with Prostant in the treatment of patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis. Chinese Journal of Andrology 2009;23(7):44‐7.
Tugcu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tucu V, Tasci AI, Fazliolu A, Odunctemur A, Ozbek E, Cek M. Comparison of the efficiency of mono and triple theraphy in chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Turk Urol. Derg. 2006;32(3):393‐7.
Tuğcu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tuğcu V, Taşçi AI, Fazlioğlu A, Gürbüz G, Ozbek E, Sahin S, et al. A placebo‐controlled comparison of the efficiency of triple‐ and monotherapy in category III B chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). European Urology 2007;51(4):1113‐7; Discussion 1118. - PubMed
Turkington 2002 {published data only}
    1. Turkington D, Grant JB, Ferrier IN, Rao NS, Linsley KR, Young AH. A randomized controlled trial of fluvoxamine in prostatodynia, a male somatoform pain disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2002;63(9):778‐81. - PubMed
Wagenlehner 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wagenlehner FM, Schneider H, Ludwig M, Horstmann A, Schnitker J, Weidner W. Long term efficacy of cernilton in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome type NIH IIIA. European Urology Supplements 2009;8(4):260. - PubMed
    1. Wagenlehner FM, Schneider H, Ludwig M, Schnitker J, Brahler E, Weidner W. A pollen extract (Cernilton) in patients with inflammatory chronic prostatitis‐chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 3 study. European Urology 2009;56(3):544‐51. - PubMed
    1. Weidner W. The role of "Pollenextrakt" for the symptomatic therapy of CP/CPPS. Journal of Men's Health 2009;6(4):400.
Wagenlehner 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wagenlehner FM, Ballarini S, Naber KG. Immunostimulation in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). A one year prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. European Urology Supplements 2014;13(1):e569. - PubMed
    1. Wagenlehner FM, Ballarini S, Naber KG. Immunostimulation in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): a one‐year prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. World Journal of Urology 2014;32(6):1595‐603. - PubMed
Wang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wang W, He H, Hu W, Zhang X, Wang Y. Efficacy and safety of intraprostatic injection of chuanshentong for chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2004;10(3):182‐4, 187. - PubMed
Wang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wang J, Yan D, Liang K, Xu Z. A randomized controlled trial of levofloxacin, terazosin, and combination therapy in patients with category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. International Urology and Nephrology 2016;48(1):13‐8. - PubMed
Wedren 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wedren H. Effects of sodium pentosanpolysulphate on symptoms related to chronic non‐bacterial prostatitis. A double‐blind randomized study. Scandinavian Jpurnal of Urology and Nephrology 1987;21(2):81‐8. - PubMed
Wu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wu Z, Xia S, Geng H, Zhu H, Tang J, Zhang T, et al. Combined therapy for chronic prostatitis /chronic pelvic pain syndrome with doxazosin and diclofenac. Chinese Journal of Andrology 2008;22(7):20‐22, 25.
Xia 2014 {published data only}
    1. Xia YG, Zeng WT, Mei XF, Liu X, Li GS, Cai J, et al. Yuleshu oral mixture combined with conventional therapy for chronic prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2014;20(2):177‐80. - PubMed
Xu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Xu M, Zhang Y‐K. Effect of antibacterial agents in treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Journal of the Shanghai Medical University 2000;27(6):497‐8.
Yang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yang MG, Zhao XK, Wu ZP, Xiao N, Lu C, Hou Y. Corticoid combined with an antibiotic for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2009;15(3):237‐40. - PubMed
Yang 2010 {published data only}
    1. Minggen Y, Zhouda Z, Zhiming Z, Haili L, Zhenqiang X, Chaoxian Z, et al. Tamsulosin therapy for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis: A randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Chinese Journal of Andrology 2010;24(12):32‐5.
Ye 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ye ZQ, Lan RZ, Wang SG, Cai SL, Chen M, Li NC, et al. A clinical study of prostat combined with an antibiotic for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2006;12(9):807‐10. - PubMed
Ye 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ye ZQ, Lan RZ, Yang WM, Yao LF, Yu X. Tamsulosin treatment of chronic non‐bacterial prostatitis. Journal of International Medical Research 2008;36(2):244‐52. - PubMed
Youn 2008 {published data only}
    1. Youn CW, Son K‐C, Choi H‐S, Kwon DD, Park K, Ryu SB. Comparison of the efficacy of antibiotic monotherapy and antibiotic plus alpha‐blocker combination therapy for patients with inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Korean Journal of Urology 2008;49(1):72‐6.
Zeng 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zeng X, Ye Z, Yang W, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou X, et al. Clinical evaluation of celecoxib in treating type IIIA chronic prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2004;10(4):278‐81. - PubMed
Zhang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhang MJ, Chu KD, Shi YL. Clinical study on treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by three different TCM principles. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2007;27(11):989‐92. - PubMed
Zhang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zhang M, Li H, Ji Z, Dong D, Yan S. Clinical study of duloxetine hydrochloride combined with doxazosin for the treatment of pain disorder in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Medicine (United States) 2017;96(10):e6243. - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zhao WP, Zhang ZG, Li XD, Yu D, Rui XF, Li GH, et al. Celecoxib reduces symptoms in men with difficult chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Category IIIA). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2009;42(10):963‐7. - PubMed
Zhao 2019 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800019441. A clinical observation of dapoxetine combined with tamsulosin in treatment of type III prostatitis with premature ejaculation. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28436 (Date of Registration: 2018‐11‐11).
    1. Zhao L, Tian R, Liang C, Zhang L, Song W, Zhao J, et al. Beneficial effect of tamsulosin combined with dapoxetine in management of type III prostatitis with premature ejaculation. Andrologia 2019;51(8):e13319. [PUBMED: 31131928] - PubMed
Zhou 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhou Z, Hong L, Shen X, Rao X, Jin X, Lu G, et al. Detection of nanobacteria infection in type III prostatitis. Urology 2008;71(6):1091‐5. - PubMed
Ziaee 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ziaee AM, Akhavizadegan H, Karbakhsh M. Effect of allopurinol in chronic nonbacterial prostatitis: a double blind randomized clinical trial. International Brazilian Journal of Urology 2006;32(2):181‐6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdel‐Meguid 2018 {published data only}
    1. Abdel‐Meguid TA, Mosli HA, Farsi H, Alsayyad A, Tayib A, Sait M, et al. Treatment of refractory category III nonbacterial chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with intraprostatic injection of onabotulinumtoxinA: a prospective controlled study. The Canadian journal of urology 2018;25(2):9273‐80. [PUBMED: 29680006] - PubMed
Aliaev 2006 {published data only}
    1. Aliaev IuG, Vinarov AZ, Lokshin KL, Spivak LG. Efficiency and safety of prostamol‐Uno in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis. Urologiia 2006;1:47‐50. - PubMed
Allen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Allen S, Aghajanyan IG. Effect of thermobalancing therapy on chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Journal of Clinical Urology 2017;10(4):347‐54.
    1. Allen S, Aghajanyan IG. New independent thermobalancing treatment with therapeutic device for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Nephro‐Urology Monthly 2017;9(2):1‐6.
Barbalias 1998 {published data only}
    1. Barbalias GA, Nikiforidis G, Liatsikos EN. Alpha‐blockers for the treatment of chronic prostatitis in combination with antibiotics. Journal of Urology 1998;159(3):883‐7. - PubMed
Bschleipfer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bschleipfer T, Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W. Intraprostatic botulinum toxin A injection in chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Urologe A 2007;46(9):1030‐2. - PubMed
    1. EUCTR2007‐001602‐24‐DE. Intraprostatic injection of Botulinumtoxin type A in patients with chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) ‐ CP(BTX)PS. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2007‐001602‐24/DE (first received 02 June 2009).
Chen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chen CQ, Yi QT, Chen CH, Gong M. Effect of Interventions for Premature Ejaculation in the Treatment of Chronic Prostatitis with Secondary Premature Ejaculation. Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 2016;38(4):393‐8. [PUBMED: 27594150] - PubMed
Colleen 1975 {published data only}
    1. Colleen S, Mårdh PA. Effect of metacycline treatment on non‐acute prostatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 1975;9(3):198‐204. - PubMed
DRKS00009352 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00009352. Effect of the physiotherapeutic device and thermobalancing therapy compared with no therapy on pain, urinary symptoms, quality of life and prostate volume in men with chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00... (first received 11 november 2015).
El‐enen 2015 {published data only}
    1. El‐enen MA, Abou‐Farha M, El‐Abd A, El‐Tatawy H, Tawfik A, El‐Abd S, et al. Intraprostatic injection of botulinum toxin‐A in patients with refractory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: The transurethral vs transrectal approach. Arab Journal of Urology 2015;13(2):94‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Evliyaoğlu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Evliyaoğlu Y, Burgut R. Lower urinary tract symptoms, pain and quality of life assessment in chronic non‐bacterial prostatitis patients treated with alpha‐blocking agent doxazosin; versus placebo. International Urology and Nephrology 2002;34(3):351‐6. - PubMed
Feng 2011 {published data only}
    1. Feng H, Hu C, Li L. Influence of whole‐range systematic nursing intervention of therapeutic effect and compliance of patients with chronic prostatitis. Chinese Nursing Research 2011;25(5A):1146‐8.
Galeone 2012 {published data only}
    1. Galeone G, Spadavecchia R, Balducci MT, Pagliarulo V. The role of Proxelan in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. Results of a randomized trial. Minerva Urologia e Nefrologia 2012;64(2):135‐41. - PubMed
Glybochko 2014 {published data only}
    1. Glybochko PV, Alyaev Yu G, Chalyj ME, Voskanyan GA. Primary assessment of electrode pharmaphoresis efficacy in treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. European Urology Supplements 2014;13(1):e571.
Golubchikov 2005 {published data only}
    1. Golubchikov VA, Sitnikov NV, Kochetov AG, Perekhodov SN, Sidorov OV, Roiuk RV, et al. Optimal treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with comorbid chronic prostatitis (category IIIA). Urologiia 2005;4:9‐12. - PubMed
Hong 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hong JY, Zhang YY. Observation on therapeutic effect of abdominal cluster‐needling on chronic non‐bacterial prostatitis. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2008;28(1):24‐6. - PubMed
Ikeuchi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ikeuchi T. Clinical studies on chronic prostatitis and prostatitis‐like syndrome (4). The kampo treatment for intractable prostatitis. Hinyokika Kiyo 1990;36(7):801‐6. - PubMed
ISRCTN43221600 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN43221600. Pilot study for the evaluation of a combined psycho‐ and physiotherapeutic treatment program for patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN43221600 (first received 14 March 2016).
Kalinina 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kalinina SN, Koren'kov DG, Fesenko VN, Demidov DA, Tiktinskij NO. Pathogenetic treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatis complicated by sperm disorders. Urologiia 2015;4(4):64‐6, 68. - PubMed
Kamalov 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kamalov AA, Efremov EA, Dorofeev SD, Paniushkin SM. Use of oral vitaprost in the treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis. Urologiia 2006;5:45‐50. - PubMed
Kogan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kogan MI, Shangichev AV, Belousov II. Efficacy of magnetolaser therapy of patients with an inflammatory form of chronic abacterial prostatitis. Urologiia 2010;2:42‐4. - PubMed
Kotarinos 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kotarinos R, Fortman C, Neville C, Badillo S, O'Dougherty B, Fraser L, et al. Physical findings in patients with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes (UCPPS). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2009;28(7):911‐2.
Lee 2006b {published data only}
    1. Lee HN, Kim JS, Shim BS. The recurrence of chronic pelvic pain syndrome and the role of Uro‐Vaxom‐. Korean Journal of Urology 2006;47(1):42‐6.
Leng 2007 {published data only}
    1. Leng J, Lv J, Dai S, Chen B, Wang Y. The cocktail treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatits. Chinese Journal of Andrology 2007;21(1):26‐8.
Lokshin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lokshin KL, Alyaev YG, Vinarov AZ, Spivak LG. Randomized open label comparative study of efficacy and safety of combination (ciprofloxacin+doxazosin) vs. monotherapy (ciprofloxacin) in patients with category II or category IIIA prostatitis. European Urology Supplements 2010;9(2):140.
Lopatkin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lopatkin NA, Kamalov AA, Mazo EB, Dorofeev SD, Efremov EA, Kozdoba AS, et al. Administration of oral vitaprost for prevention of exacerbations of chronic abacterial prostatitis. Urologiia 2009;1:29‐35. - PubMed
Loran 2003 {published data only}
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NCT00194597 {published data only}
    1. NCT00194597. Trial of viagra in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome Type III. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00194597 (first received 19 September 2005).
NCT00194623 {published data only}
    1. NCT00194623. Botox as a treatment for chronic male pelvic pain syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00194623 (first received 19 September 2005).
NCT00194636 {published data only}
    1. NCT00194636. Effectiveness of sympathetic plexus block on male pelvic pain (prostatitis, prostatodynia). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00194636 (first received 19 September 2005).
NCT00301405 {published data only}
    1. NCT00301405. Open‐label study of thalidomide for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00301405 (first received 10 March 2006).
NCT00464373 {published data only}
    1. NCT00464373. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of male chronic pelvic pain syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00464373 (first received 23 April 2007).
NCT00529386 {published data only}
    1. NCT00529386. Botox for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00529386 (first received 14 September 2007).
NCT01678911 {published data only}
    1. NCT01678911. Efficacy of Gralise® for chronic pelvic pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01678911 (First received 29 June 2015).
NCT01830829 {published data only}
    1. NCT01830829. JALYN for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01830829 (First received 12 April 2013).
NCT02042651 {published data only}
    1. NCT02042651. A sham controlled study of the effects of ultrasonic shockwaves as a treatment for chronic pelvic pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02042651 (first received 23 January 2014).
NCT03500159 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03500159. Efficacy and safety of AQX‐1125 in subjects with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03500159 (first received 17 April 2018).
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References to studies awaiting assessment

EUCTR2005‐001849‐42‐IT {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2005‐001849‐42‐IT. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study to determine the effect of BXL628 in patients with Chronic Non‐Bacterial Prostatitis category III Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome, CP/CPPS. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2005‐001849‐42/IT (first received 20 December 2005).
ISRCTN46815629 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN46815629. A randomised placebo‐controlled study of tamsulosin, voltarol and the combination in types IIIa and IIIb prostatitis using the newly developed and validated National Institutes of Health (NIH) symptom score. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN46815629 (date received 12 September 2003).
Kulchavenya 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kulchavenya EV, Shvetsova OP, Breusov AA. [Rationale of use and effectiveness of Longidaza in patients with chronic prostatitis]. Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999) 2018;.(4):64‐71. [PUBMED: 30761792] - PubMed
NCT00236990 {published data only}
    1. NCT00236990. An effectiveness and safety study of ELMIRON (pentosan polysulfate sodium) for the treatment of chronic non‐bacterial inflammation of the prostate gland. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00236990 (first received 12 October 2005).
NCT00913315 {published data only}
    1. NCT00913315. Efficacy study of tamsulosin and tolterodine treatment for chronic prostatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00913315 (first received 04 June 2009).
NCT02385266 {published data only}
    1. NCT02385266. Treating urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) Pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02385266 (first received 11 March 2015).

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR‐IPR‐16010196 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR‐IPR‐16010196. Effect of saw palmetto extract in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial; Peking University First Hospital. www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=17369 2016.
IRCT2016022225507N2 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT2016022225507N2. Effectiveness of pregabalin as an adjuvant therapy for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. http://en.irct.ir/trial/21322 (Date of registration: 2016‐03‐01).
IRCT2016071025507N4 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT2016071025507N4. A clinical trial to comparison the effectiveness of melatonin and capsules containing starch (placebo) as an adjuvant therapy to control symptoms of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis patients. http://en.irct.ir/trial/21324 (Registration date: 2016‐07‐19).
NCT03946163 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03946163. The Effect of Cinnamon on Patients With Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome; a Pilot Study. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03946163 (First posted May 10, 2019).

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