Epidemiology of lung cancer and lung cancer screening programs in China and the United States

Cancer Lett. 2020 Jan 1:468:82-87. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.009. Epub 2019 Oct 7.

Abstract

Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is impacted by environmental exposures and by constitutional genetic or epigenetic susceptibilities to disease development and progression. The United States and China have distinct and diverse populations and geographic environmental exposures that contribute to unique patterns of lung cancer incidence and mortality. In this paper, the authors compare trends of incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the US and China, and the impact on lung cancer screening programs in the two countries. It is worth noting that the mortality of lung cancer in the US has decreased gradually while in China it is still increasing over recent years. While decreasing smoking prevalence and the impact of clean air legislation have helped to mitigate the trend in the US relative to China, the increasingly widespread implementation of lung cancer chest CT screening is expected to impact lung cancer incidence and mortality in both countries. Currently there are few studies to compare the environmental and genetic risk factors for US and Chinese populations with regards to lung cancer incidence and mortality. The authors discuss the impact of gender and exposure risks, mainly smoking and environmental pollutants. Of high importance is the incidence of lung cancer in never smokers that is significantly higher in China than in the United States; this is particularly notable in women. These data suggest inclusion of ambient air pollution exposure and gender into lung cancer risk prognostic models to better capture high-risk individuals, especially for non-smoking women.

Keywords: ETS; Incidence; LDCT; Mortality; PM2.5.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • China / epidemiology
  • Cross-Cultural Comparison*
  • Early Detection of Cancer / standards
  • Early Detection of Cancer / statistics & numerical data*
  • Environmental Exposure / adverse effects
  • Ex-Smokers / statistics & numerical data
  • Female
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Lung Neoplasms / diagnosis
  • Lung Neoplasms / epidemiology*
  • Lung Neoplasms / etiology
  • Lung Neoplasms / genetics
  • Male
  • Mass Screening / standards
  • Mass Screening / statistics & numerical data*
  • Middle Aged
  • Mortality / trends*
  • Non-Smokers / statistics & numerical data
  • Practice Guidelines as Topic
  • Prevalence
  • Risk Factors
  • Sex Factors
  • Smokers / statistics & numerical data
  • Smoking / epidemiology
  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution / adverse effects
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed / standards
  • United States / epidemiology

Substances

  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution