Community based integrated vector management for malaria control: lessons from three years' experience (2016-2018) in Botor-Tolay district, southwestern Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Integrated vector management (IVM) remains a key strategy in the fight against vector-borne diseases including malaria. However, impacts of the strategy should be regularly monitored based on feedback obtained through research. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of IVM for malaria control in Botor-Tolay district, southwestern Ethiopia after three years (2016-2018) of IVM implementation.

Method: Prior to the implementation of IVM, a survey of socio-demographic, malaria burden, and communities' perception towards malaria control was conducted in 200 households selected at random from 12 villages using standard questionnaire. Households were revisited after three years of project implementation for impact assessment. Compiled malaria case data was obtained from district health bureau for the three years period of the study while adult mosquito collection was conducted during each year using CDC light traps. Monthly larval mosquito collections were made each year using standard dipping method. Community education and mobilization (CEM) was made through different community-based structures.

Results: The proportion of respondents who sought treatment in health facilities showed a significant increase from 76% in 2015 to 90% in 2018(P < 0.001). An average of 6.3 working and 2.3 school days were lost per year in a household due to parents and children falling sick with malaria. Malaria costs in a household in Botor-Tolay averaged 13.3 and 4.5 USD per episode for medical treatment and transportation respectively. Significantly fewer adult mosquitoes were collected in 2018 (0.37/house/trap-night) as compared to 2015 (0.73/house/trap-night) (P < .001). Malaria cases significantly declined in 2018 (262) when compared to the record in 2015 (1162) (P < 0.001). Despite improved human behavioral changes towards mosquito and malaria control, there were many setbacks too. These include reluctance to seek treatment in a timely manner, low user compliance of LLINs and low net repairing habit.

Conclusion: The coordinated implementation of community-based education, environmental management, larviciding together with main core vector control interventions in Botor-Tolay district in Southwestern Ethiopia have contributed to significant decline in malaria cases reported from health facilities. However, commitment to seeking treatment by people with clinical symptoms of malaria and to repair of damaged mosquito nets remained low.

Keywords: Ethiopia; Health seeking behavior; Integrated vector management; Malaria; Vector control.

Fig. 1

Adult Anopheles population dynamics in the study area (2015–2018)

Fig. 2

Mean total Anopheles larvae collected from 12 study villages in Botor-Tolay district (2016–2018)

Fig. 3

The mean malaria total cases reported from health facilities from health facilities in Botor-Tolay district Southwestern Ethiopia (2015–2018)

Fig. 4

The percent of malaria cases reported from health facilities in comparison to all cause morbidity in Botor-Tolay district Southwestern Ethiopia (2015–2018)

Fig. 5

Mean monthly rainfall pattern and corresponding malaria incidence in Botor-Tolay district, South western Ethiopia (2015–2018)