Pharmacological inhibition of TRPM8-induced gene transcription

Abstract

Transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channels are activated by cold temperature, menthol and icilin, leading to cold sensation. TRPM8 activation is connected with various diseases, indicating that a specific pharmacological antagonist, allowing nongenetic channel suppression, would be a valuable tool for therapy and basic research. Here, we assessed the biological activity and specificity of various TRPM8 inhibitors following stimulation of TRPM8 channels with either icilin or menthol. Recently, we showed that icilin strikingly upregulates the transcriptional activity of AP-1. By measuring AP-1 activity, we assessed which compound interrupted the TRPM8-induced intracellular signaling cascade from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. We tested the specificity of various TRPM8 inhibitors by analyzing AP-1 activation following stimulation of TRPM3 and TRPV1 channels, L-type voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels, and Gαq-coupled receptors, either in the presence or absence of a particular TRPM8 inhibitor. The results show that the TRPM8 inhibitors BCTC, RQ-00203078, TC-1 2014, 2-APB, and clotrimazole blocked TRPM8-mediated activation of AP-1. However, only the compound RQ-00203078 showed TRPM8-specificity, while the other compounds function as broad-spectrum Ca²⁺ channel inhibitors. In addition, we show that progesterone interfered with TRPM8-induced activation of AP-1, as previously shown for TRPM3 and TRPC6 channels. TRPM8-induced transcriptional activation of AP-1 was additionally blocked by the compound PD98059, indicating that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 is essential to couple TRPM8 stimulation with transcriptional activation of AP-1. Moreover, an influx of Ca²⁺-ions is essential to induce the intracellular signaling cascade leading to the activation of AP-1.

Keywords: 2-APB, PubChem CID: 1598; BCTC, PubChem CID: 9929425; Capsaicin, PubChem CID: 1548943; Clotrimazole, PubChem CID: 2812; Clozapine N-oxide, PubChem CID: 135445691; Designer receptor; ERK1/2; FPL 64176, PubChem CID: 3423; Icilin, PubChem CID: 161930; KCl, PubChem CID: 4873; Menthol, PubChem CID: 1254; PD98059, PubChem CID: 4713; Pregnenolone sulfate, PubChem CID: 105074; Progesterone, PubChem CID: 5994; RQ-00203078, PubChem CID: 49783953; TC-1 2014, PubChem CID: 10040286; TRPM3; TRPM8; TRPV1; Voltage-gated calcium channel.