Pharmacokinetics of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid and Its 2 Major Metabolites: A Potential Relationship to the Development of Gastrointestinal Intolerance

Abstract

Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), often the last drug remaining for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis, is notorious for causing gastrointestinal intolerance; however, the cause of PAS intolerance is uncertain. The objective of this study was to assess relationships between peak concentrations of PAS administered as a granular slow-release enteric coated formulation, and its metabolites acetyl-PAS and glycine-PAS, and intolerance. PAS and its metabolites were measured in 29 adult patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis at Brooklyn Hospital, Cape Town, randomized to receive granular slow-release enteric-coated PAS 4 g twice daily or 8 g once daily for 1 week, followed by the alternative regimen. Concentrations of PAS and its metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, and a visual analogue scale evaluated intolerance. Spearman's correlation test assessed the relationship between maximum plasma concentrations (C_max ) and intolerance scores. A large interindividual variability was observed for the PAS C_max (40.42-68.55 mg/L) following 4 g twice daily; (62.69-102.41 mg/L) for 8 g once daily and a similar wide C_max range found for the metabolites acetyl-PAS and glycine-PAS. Twenty-six patients reported at least 1 intolerance episode, but most visual analogue scale scores clustered around 0. Significant inverse associations were found between acetyl-PAS C_max and bloating (rho = -0.448; P = .025) and diarrhea (rho = -0.407; P = .044) for the twice-daily regimen and a similar inverse association found for glycine-PAS and diarrhea (rho = -0.412; P = .041). Plasma concentrations of the metabolites did not correlate with the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but higher metabolite concentrations correlated with lower intolerance scores; slow metabolism of PAS and its continued presence in the intestinal tract may be the main cause of intolerance.

Keywords: acetyl-para-aminosalicylic acid; gastrointestinal intolerance; glycine-para-aminosalicylic acid; para-aminosalicylic acid; pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism.