Acute Ingestion of a Mixed Flavonoid and Caffeine Supplement Increases Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Adult Women: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial

Nutrients. 2019 Nov 5;11(11):2665. doi: 10.3390/nu11112665.

Abstract

This randomized, double-blinded, crossover study measured the acute effect of ingesting a mixed flavonoid-caffeine (MFC) supplement compared to placebo (PL) on energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FATox) in a metabolic chamber with premenopausal women (n = 19, mean ± SD, age 30.7 ± 8.0 year, BMI 25.7 ± 3.4 kg/m2). The MFC supplement (658 mg flavonoids, split dose 8:30, 13:00) contained quercetin, green tea catechins, and anthocyanins from bilberry extract, and 214 mg caffeine. Participants were measured twice in a metabolic chamber for a day, four weeks apart, with outcomes including 22 h EE (8:30-6:30), substrate utilization from the respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma caffeine levels (16:00), and genotyping for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs762551. Areas under the curve (AUC) for metabolic data from the MFC and PL trials were calculated using the trapezoid rule, with a mixed linear model (GLM) used to evaluate the overall treatment effect. The 22 h oxygen consumption and EE were significantly higher with MFC than PL (1582 ± 143, 1535 ± 154 kcal/day, respectively, p = 0.003, trial difference of 46.4 ± 57.8 kcal/day). FATox trended higher for MFC when evaluated using GLM (99.2 ± 14.0, 92.4 ± 14.4 g/22 h, p = 0.054). Plasma caffeine levels were significantly higher in the MFC versus PL trial (5031 ± 289, 276 ± 323 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). Trial differences for 22 h EE and plasma caffeine were unrelated after controlling for age and body mass (r = -0.249, p = 0.139), and not different for participants with the homozygous allele 1, A/A, compared to C/A and C/C (p = 0.50 and 0.56, respectively). In conclusion, EE was higher for MFC compared to PL, and similar to effects estimated from previous trials using caffeine alone. A small effect of the MFC on FATox was measured, in contrast to inconsistent findings previously reported for this caffeine dose. The trial variance for 22 h EE was not significantly related to the variance in plasma caffeine levels or CYP1A2*1F allele carriers and non-carriers.

Keywords: caffeine; energy expenditure; flavonoids; metabolic chamber; metabolism.

Publication types

  • Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

  • Adipose Tissue / metabolism*
  • Adult
  • Anthocyanins / pharmacology
  • Area Under Curve
  • Caffeine / blood
  • Caffeine / pharmacology*
  • Catechin / pharmacology
  • Cross-Over Studies
  • Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / drug effects
  • Dietary Supplements*
  • Double-Blind Method
  • Energy Metabolism / drug effects*
  • Female
  • Flavonoids / pharmacology*
  • Humans
  • Linear Models
  • Oxidation-Reduction / drug effects
  • Oxygen Consumption / drug effects
  • Plant Extracts / pharmacology
  • Premenopause
  • Quercetin / pharmacology
  • Tea / chemistry
  • Vaccinium myrtillus / chemistry

Substances

  • Anthocyanins
  • Flavonoids
  • Plant Extracts
  • Tea
  • Caffeine
  • Catechin
  • Quercetin
  • CYP1A2 protein, human
  • Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2