Purpose: Visual acuity (VA) is an important determinant of visual function. Here we establish procedures and recommendations for VA testing extending beyond the classical VA and thus make them available for future studies of visual function in health and disease. Specifically, we provide reference values for photopic and scotopic conventional uncrowded visual acuity (cVA) and Vernier-hyperacuity (hVA) and assess their reproducibility and dependence on contrast polarity.
Methods: For ten observers with normal vision, we determined photopic ("p"; maximal luminance 220 cd/m2) and scotopic ("s"; maximal luminance 0.004 cd/m2; 40 min of dark adaptation) cVA and hVA, for two contrast polarities i.e. black optotypes on white background and vice versa. To assess intersession effects, two sets of measurements were obtained on different days.
Results: Compared to pcVA (1.32 decimal VA; - 0.12 ± 0.02 LogMAR), the phVA (14.45 decimal VA; - 1.16 ± 0.04 LogMAR) scaled (in terms of decimal visual acuity) on average with a factor 11.0, the scVA (0.12 decimal VA; 0.91 ± 0.03 LogMAR) with a factor of 0.1, and the shVA (1.47 decimal VA; - 0.17 ± 0.02 LogMAR) with a factor of 1.1. There were neither significant effects of contrast polarity (p > 0.12), nor of session (p > 0.28).
Conclusions: Our approach optimises integrated photopic and scotopic cVA and hVA measurements for general use and thus encourages the integration of these important measures of scotopic visual function in future studies. The absence of strong intersession effects demonstrates that no dedicated training session is needed to obtain scotopic and hVA measurements. The combined measures of scotopic and photopic VAs open a field of applications to study interplay and plasticity of the retinal photoreceptor systems and cortical processing in health and visual disease. As a rule of thumb, hyperacuity is 10× higher both in the photopic and scotopic range than conventional acuity. Thus, scotopic hyperacuity is close to photopic conventional acuity.
Keywords: Acuity testing; Hyperacuity; Photopic perception; Psychophysics; Reverse contrast; Scotopic perception; Vernier acuity; Visual acuity.