Cognitive performance of children with spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review
- PMID: 31844498
- PMCID: PMC6907703
- DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-040011
Cognitive performance of children with spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is genetic and progressive, caused by large bi-allelic deletions in the SMN1 gene, or the association of a large deletion and a null variant.
Objective: To evaluate the evidence about cognitive outcomes in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
Methods: Searches on the PUBMED/Medline, Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases retrieved 26 studies (1989 to 2019, descriptors "spinal muscular atrophy" and "cognition"). Nine studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria: (1) cognition tested in individuals with SMA; (2) written in English or Spanish. The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions was used to describe design, bias, participants, evaluation protocol and main findings. This study was registered on the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO).
Results: Three studies described normal cognition. In another three studies, cognitive outcomes were above average. Cognitive impairment was found in three studies. Poor cognitive performance was more frequently reported in studies that were recent, included children with SMA type I and that employed visual/auditory attention and executive function tests. Protocols and cognitive domains varied, precluding metanalysis.
Conclusion: The severity of motor impairment may be related to cognitive outcomes: studies that included a higher number/percentage of children with SMA type I found cognitive impairment. The establishment of gold-standard protocols is necessary. Further studies should compare the cognitive outcomes of subjects with SMA types I to IV.
A atrofia muscular espinhal (SMA) é genética e progressiva, causada por grandes deleções bi-alélicas no gene SMN1, ou pela associação de uma grande deleção e uma variante nula.
Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências sobre o desempenho cognitivo na atrofia muscular espinhal (AME).
Métodos: Pesquisas nas bases de dados PUBMED/ Medline, Web of Knowledge e Scielo localizaram 26 estudos (1989 a 2019, descritores “atrofia muscular espinhal” e “cognição”). Nove estudos foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade: (1) testaram a cognição em pessoas com AME; (2) escritos em inglês/espanhol. A avaliação do risco de viés em estudos com intervenções não-randomizadas foi utilizada para descrever o desenho experimental, viés, amostra, protocolo de avaliação e principais achados. Este estudo foi aprovado no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO).
Resultados: Em três estudos, foi registrado que a cognição estava preservada. Em três estudos, o desempenho cognitivo estava acima da média. O comprometimento cognitivo foi encontrado em três estudos. Desempenho cognitivo pobre foi mais frequentemente relatado em estudos recentes, estudos que incluíram crianças com AME tipo I e estudos que incluíram atenção visual/auditiva e testes de função executiva. Protocolos e domínios cognitivos variaram muito, portanto não foi possível a realização de metanálise.
Conclusão: A gravidade do comprometimento motor pode estar relacionada ao desempenho cognitivo: estudos que incluíram maior número/porcentagem de crianças com AME tipo I encontraram alterações no desempenho cognitivo. O estabelecimento de protocolos padrão-ouro é necessário. Novos estudos devem comparar o desempenho cognitivo de pessoas com AME tipos I a IV, ou seja, com diferenças no prognóstico e no desempenho motor.
Keywords: cognition; cognitive impairment; spinal muscular atrophy; systematic review.
Conflict of interest statement
Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
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