Serum Tryptophan-Derived Quinolinate and Indole-3-Acetate Are Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and its Evolution in HIV-Infected Treated Adults

Anders Boyd; Franck Boccara; Jean-Luc Meynard; Farid Ichou; Jean-Philippe Bastard; Soraya Fellahi; Assia Samri; Delphine Sauce; Nabila Haddour; Brigitte Autran; Ariel Cohen; Pierre-Marie Girard; Jacqueline Capeau; Collaboration in HIV, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease study

doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz516

Serum Tryptophan-Derived Quinolinate and Indole-3-Acetate Are Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and its Evolution in HIV-Infected Treated Adults

Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Dec 6;6(12):ofz516. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz516. eCollection 2019 Dec.

Authors

Anders Boyd¹, Franck Boccara^{2

3}, Jean-Luc Meynard⁴, Farid Ichou⁵, Jean-Philippe Bastard^{3

6}, Soraya Fellahi^{3

6}, Assia Samri⁷, Delphine Sauce⁷, Nabila Haddour², Brigitte Autran⁷, Ariel Cohen², Pierre-Marie Girard^{1

4}, Jacqueline Capeau³; Collaboration in HIV, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease study

Affiliations

¹ Inserm UMR_S1136, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France.
² Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
³ Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMR_S938, ICAN, Paris, France.
⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, APHP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
⁵ Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, ICANalytics, Paris, France.
⁶ Department of Biochemistry, APHP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France.
⁷ Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France.

Abstract

Background: HIV-infected individuals undergoing effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) present an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We identified serum metabolites associated with carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) and its evolution.

Methods: One hundred forty-three hydrophilic serum metabolites were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry in 49 HIV+ ART+, 48 HIV+ ART-naïve and 50 HIV-negative, age-matched, never-smoking male triads. Metabolites differentially altered between groups ("features") were defined as having a Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P value <.05 from a t test and >0.25 log₂ absolute mean fold change in metabolite levels. c-IMT was measured across 12 sites at inclusion in all individuals and at the carotid artery (cca) after a median of 5.1 years in 32 HIV+ ART+ individuals. The difference in c-IMT (cross-sectional analysis) and slope of cca-IMT regression/progression per year (longitudinal analysis) for each log₁₀ (area) increase in metabolite level were estimated with linear regression.

Results: Compared with HIV-, metabolite features of HIV+ ART+ were increased N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine and decreased ferulate and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, whereas features of HIV+ ART-naïve were increased malate, kynurenine, 2-oxoglutarate, and indole-3-acetate and decreased succinate and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. In HIV+ ART+ individuals, quinolinate and/or indole-3-acetate were positively associated with c-IMT (P < .03), cca-IMT (P < .03), and cca-IMT progression (P < .008). These associations were not observed in HIV+ ART-naïve or HIV-negative individuals. In HIV+ ART+ individuals, the metabolites xanthosine and uridine, from nucleotide metabolism, and g-butyrobetaine, from lysine/dietary choline degradation, were also positively or negatively associated with c-IMT and/or cca-IMT (all P < .01), but not its evolution.

Conclusions: In these highly selected HIV-positive ART-controlled males, 2 novel metabolites derived from tryptophan catabolism, indole-3-acetate and quinolinate, were associated with c-IMT and its progression.

Keywords: HIV; antiretroviral; cardiovascular disease; carotid intima-media thickness; metabolomics; tryptophan metabolism.