Ventricular-triggered atrial pacing: A new maneuver for slow-fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia

Abstract

Background: Atrioventricular (AV) node duality is suggested by several electrophysiological findings, none of which are strong predictors of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT).

Objective: The purpose of this study was to propose a novel maneuver to study conduction over the AV node and attempt to induce slow-fast AVNRT.

Methods: Ventricular-triggered atrial pacing (VTAP) with decremental VA delay was carried out in 36 consecutive patients with slow-fast AVNRT and in 21 controls after conventional electrophysiology study. Maneuvers were repeated after ablation in patients with AVNRT.

Results: VTAP resulted in a hysteretic conduction curve in 21 of 36 patients (58%) in the AVNRT group but only 4 of 21 patients (19%) in the control group (sensitivity 58; specificity 81%). This finding demonstrates sustained conduction in a slow conducting pathway and concealed retrograde conduction over a fast pathway. VTAP resulted in AVNRT induction in 15 of 25 inducible patients at baseline (60%), 4 of which were not inducible with incremental pacing or programmed atrial stimulation. VTAP resulting in a suspended p wave had 51% (39%-64%) sensitivity and 100% (89%-100%) specificity for predicting noninducibility in a given autonomic state.

Conclusion: VTAP is useful in patients with suspected slow-fast AVNRT. A hysteretic conduction curve demonstrates sustained conduction over a slow pathway and concealed retrograde conduction through the fast pathway, a finding in favor of slow-fast AVNRT. VTAP may facilitate AVNRT induction and proves to be an interesting complement to classic maneuvers. A suspended p-wave response specifically predicts noninducibility of slow-fast AVNRT in a given autonomic state, providing an interesting surrogate to noninducibility as a procedural end point.

Keywords: AVNRT; Hysteresis; Maneuver; Pacing; Slow pathway.