Clonal Reproduction through Seeds in Sight for Crops

Abstract

Apomixis or asexual reproduction through seeds, enables the preservation of hybrid vigor. Hybrids are heterozygous and segregate for genotype and phenotype upon sexual reproduction. While apomixis, that is, clonal reproduction, is intuitively antithetical to diversity, it is rarely obligate and actually provides a mechanism to recover and maintain superior hybrid gene combinations for which sexual reproduction would reveal deleterious alleles in less fit genotypes. Apomixis, widespread across flowering plant orders, does not occur in major crop species, yet its introduction could add a valuable tool to the breeder's toolbox. In the past decade, discovery of genetic mechanisms regulating meiosis, embryo and endosperm development have facilitated proof-of-concept for the synthesis of apomixis, bringing apomictic crops closer to reality.

Keywords: apomeiosis; apomixis; clonal reproduction; genome elimination; hybrid vigor; parthenogenesis.