Cyclization Reaction-Based Turn-on Probe for Covalent Labeling of Target Proteins

Abstract

Fluorescent molecules have contributed to basic biological research but there are currently only a limited number of probes available for the detection of non-enzymatic proteins. Here, we report turn-on fluorescent probes mediated by conjugate addition and cyclization (TCC probes). These probes react with multiple amino acids and exhibit a 36-fold greater emission intensity after reaction. We analyzed the reactions between TCC probes and nuclear receptors by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, spectrofluorometry, and fluorescence microscopy. In vitro analysis showed that probes consisting of a protein ligand and TCC could label vitamin D receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Moreover, we demonstrated that not only a ligand unit but also a peptide unit can label the target protein in a complex mixture.

Keywords: PPARγ; conjugate addition; coumarin; covalent probe; cyclization probe; nuclear receptor; peptide probe; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; protein labeling; turn-on fluorescent probe; vitamin D receptor.