In this review, we focus on recent developments in nonlabeled@label-free and labeled@sandwich assay concepts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using numerous electrochemical approaches. The fundamental role of such nanostructured materials for the improvement of the analytical response and thus the analytical figures of merit of various TNF-α sensing operations were revealed. Also, this examination focused on recent developments in immuno-electrochemical cytokine TNF-α sensors based on nanostructured materials from 2006 to 2019.
Keywords: Cytokine; Determination; Electrochemistry; Fabrication; Immunosensor; Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.