Addiction vs. dependence: A mixed methods analysis of young adult JUUL users

Abstract

Objective: JUUL-brand electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) contain higher levels of nicotine than other e-cigarettes. The current study examined the relationship between young adults' self-reported addiction and measured JUUL dependence.

Methods: This study used a sequential, explanatory mixed methods design. Data were collected from a large, southwestern college in the US. College students who were weekly JUUL users and owned a JUUL device (n = 595) completed a cross-sectional online survey, then a subsample (n = 51) participated in in-person interviews. All data were collected between March-April 2019. T-tests were used to examine differences between JUUL dependence and self-reported addiction, and logistic regressions were employed to examine factors that may influence self-reported addiction to JUUL, nicotine, and other e-cigarettes. Interviews were independently coded by 2 coders (kappa ranged from 0.46 to 0.99) then analyzed for corresponding themes.

Results: Participants who had a higher JUUL dependence were more likely to report addiction to several substances/products, including nicotine, JUULs, cigarettes, other e-cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Interview participants minimized JUUL addiction by comparing JUUL to other socially acceptable addictions and describing JUUL addiction as a habit. Interview participants suggested addiction to nicotine was more stigmatizing than JUUL. The number of days participants used JUUL per week, use of traditional tobacco products, and measured JUUL dependence were each associated with self-reported JUUL addiction.

Conclusions: Social construction of self-reported addictions may be changing young audiences' views of addiction to JUUL. Research is needed to see if using the phrase 'nicotine dependence' rather than 'JUUL addiction' influences young adults' JUUL use.

Keywords: Addiction; Dependence; E-cigarette; JUUL; Mixed methods; Nicotine.