Proteins display an essential role in numerous natural systems due to their structural and biological properties. Given their unique properties, proteins have been thoroughly investigated in the last few decades, offering a myriad of solutions for the development of innovative biomaterials, including films, foams, composites and gels, in particular for biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, biosensors and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. In this context, this review intends to give a general overview of the potential of protein based materials within the sustainable polymers context, covering aspects ranging from protein types, selection/isolation to properties of protein based (nano)materials and biomedical applications, passing through preparation methodologies of materials.