We report a convenient strategy to prepare ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) coated with zwitterion l-cysteine (Cys) for enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging applications. The formed Fe3O4-PEG-Cys NPs possess antifouling properties, good r1 relaxivity, excellent cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, and can be used as a contrast agent for enhanced blood pool and tumor MR imaging.