Objective: To compare 11C-methionine (11C-METH) PET with diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI-MRI) diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value in patients with glioma candidate to neurosurgery.
Methods: We collected and analyzed data from 124 consecutive patients (n = 124) investigated during preoperative work-up. Both visual and semiquantitative parameters were utilized for image analysis. The reference standard was based on histopathology. The median follow-up was 14.3 months.
Results: Overall, 47 high-grade gliomas (HGG) and 77 low-grade gliomas (LGG) were diagnosed. On visual assessment, sensitivity and specificity for differentiating HGG from LGG were 80.8 and 59.7% for DWI-MRI, versus 95.7 and 41.5% for 11C-METH PET, respectively. On semiquantitative analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were 78.7, 71.4, and 80.4% for SUVmax, 78.7, 70.1, and 81.1% for SUVratio, and 74.5, 61, and 76.7% for MTB (metabolic tumor burden), respectively. In patients with negative DWI-MRI and IDH-wild type, SUVmax and SUVratio were higher compared to IDH-mutated (P = 0.025 and P = 0.01, respectively). In LGG, patients with 1p/19q codeletion showed higher SUVmax (P = 0.044). In all patients with negative DWI-MRI, median PFS was longer for SUVmax <3.9 (median not reached vs 34.2 months, P = 0.004), SUVratio <2.3 (median not reached vs 21.5 months, P < 0.001), and MTB <3.1 (median not reached vs 45.7 months, P = 0.05). In LGG patients with negative DWI-MRI, only SUVratio <2.3 and MTB <3.1 were associated with longer PFS (P = 0.016 and P = 0.024, respectively).
Conclusion: C-METH PET was found highly sensitive for glioma differentiation and molecular characterization. In DWI-negative patients, PET parameters correlated with molecular profile were associated with clinical outcome.