Somatic mutations have emerged as the likely cause of focal epilepsies associated with developmental malformations and epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors (GNT). Somatic BRAFV600E mutations in particular have been detected in the majority of low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (LNETS) and in neurons in focal cortical dysplasias adjacent to epilepsy-associated tumors. Furthermore, conditional expression of an activating BRAF mutation in neocortex causes seizures in mice. In this study we characterized the cellular electrophysiology of layer 2/3 neocortical pyramidal neurons induced to express BRAFV600E from neural progenitor stages. In utero electroporation of a piggyBac transposase plasmid system was used to introduce transgenes expressing BRAF wild type (BRAFwt), BRAFV600E, and/or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) into radial glia progenitors in mouse embryonic cortex. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of pyramidal neurons in slices prepared from both juvenile and adult mice showed that BRAFV600E resulted in neurons with a distinct hyperexcitable phenotype characterized by depolarized resting membrane potentials, increased input resistances, lowered action potential (AP) thresholds, and increased AP firing frequencies. Some of the BRAFV600E-expressing neurons normally destined for upper cortical layers by their birthdate were stalled in their migration and occupied lower cortical layers. BRAFV600E-expressing neurons also displayed increased hyperpolarization-induced inward currents (Ih) and decreased sustained potassium currents. Neurons adjacent to BRAFV600E transgene-expressing neurons, and neurons with TSC1 genetically deleted by CRISPR or those induced to carry PIK3CAE545K transgenes, did not show an excitability phenotype similar to that of BRAFV600E-expressing neurons. Together, these results indicate that BRAFV600E leads to a distinct hyperexcitable neuronal phenotype.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to report the cell autonomous effects of BRAFV600E mutations on the intrinsic neuronal excitability. We show that BRAFV600E alters multiple electrophysiological parameters in neocortical neurons. Similar excitability changes did not occur in cells neighboring BRAFV600E-expressing neurons, after overexpression of wild-type BRAF transgenes, or after introduction of mutations affecting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PIK3CA). We conclude that BRAFV600E causes a distinct, cell autonomous, highly excitable neuronal phenotype when introduced somatically into neocortical neuronal progenitors.
Keywords: BRAFV600E; cortical dysplasia; epilepsy; ganglioglioma; hyperexcitability.