Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Aug 2;73(3):497-505.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa706.

Effects of Prior Season Vaccination on Current Season Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, 2012-2013 Through 2017-2018

Sara S Kim  1   2 , Brendan Flannery  1 , Ivo M Foppa  1 , Jessie R Chung  1 , Mary Patricia Nowalk  3 , Richard K Zimmerman  3 , Manjusha Gaglani  4 , Arnold S Monto  5 , Emily T Martin  5 , Edward A Belongia  6 , Huong Q McLean  6 , Michael L Jackson  7 , Lisa A Jackson  7 , Manish Patel  1
Affiliations

Effects of Prior Season Vaccination on Current Season Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, 2012-2013 Through 2017-2018

Sara S Kim et al. Clin Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: We compared effects of prior vaccination and added or lost protection from current season vaccination among those previously vaccinated.

Methods: Our analysis included data from the US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network among participants ≥9 years old with acute respiratory illness from 2012-2013 through 2017-2018. Vaccine protection was estimated using multivariate logistic regression with an interaction term for effect of prior season vaccination on current season vaccine effectiveness. Models were adjusted for age, calendar time, high-risk status, site, and season for combined estimates. We estimated protection by combinations of current and prior vaccination compared to unvaccinated in both seasons or current vaccination among prior vaccinated.

Results: A total of 31 819 participants were included. Vaccine protection against any influenza averaged 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38%-47%) among those vaccinated only the current season, 37% (95% CI, 33-40) among those vaccinated both seasons, and 26% (95% CI, 18%-32%) among those vaccinated only the prior season, compared with participants vaccinated neither season. Current season vaccination reduced the odds of any influenza among patients unvaccinated the prior season by 42% (95% CI, 37%-46%), including 57%, 27%, and 55% against A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and influenza B, respectively. Among participants vaccinated the prior season, current season vaccination further reduced the odds of any influenza by 15% (95% CI, 7%-23%), including 29% against A(H1N1) and 26% against B viruses, but not against A(H3N2).

Conclusions: Our findings support Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations for annual influenza vaccination. Benefits of current season vaccination varied among participants with and without prior season vaccination, by virus type/subtype and season.

Keywords: influenza; prior vaccination; repeat vaccination; vaccine effectiveness; vaccines.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of participants included in analysis. Abbreviation: PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Influenza positivity by current and prior season vaccination status and season among enrollees ≥9 years old in the United States Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Added or lost protection from current season vaccination in those with prior vaccination by influenza virus type/subtype and season. aAdjusted for study site, patient age, presence of ≥1 underlying medical condition, calendar time, and season for combined estimates. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Walter EB, Fry AM, Jernigan DB. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2018–19 influenza season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018; 67(3):1–20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu vaccination coverage, United States, 2018–19 influenza season. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/index.htm. Accessed 13 January 2019.
    1. Belongia EA, Skowronski DM, McLean HQ, Chambers C, Sundaram ME, De Serres G. Repeated annual influenza vaccination and vaccine effectiveness: review of evidence. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1–14. - PubMed
    1. McLean HQ, Thompson MG, Sundaram ME, et al. . Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United States during 2012–2013: variable protection by age and virus type. J Infect Dis 2014; 2015:1529–40. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gaglani M, Pruszynski J, Murthy K, et al. . Influenza vaccine effectiveness against 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus differed by vaccine type during 2013-2014 in the United States. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1546–56. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Substances