Cyanide Contamination of the Puyango-Tumbes River Caused by Artisanal Gold Mining in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador

Curr Environ Health Rep. 2020 Sep;7(3):303-310. doi: 10.1007/s40572-020-00276-3.

Abstract

Purpose of review: To examine cyanide (CN-) contamination of a large river in southeastern Ecuador that has been severely impacted by the indiscriminate discharge of untreated gold processing effluents.

Recent findings: Poor environmental stewardship of cyanide (CN-) use by 87 gold processing centers in Portovelo-Zaruma in southern Ecuador to leach residual gold from Hg-contaminated tailings has resulted in high CN- contamination of the Puyango-Tumbes River downstream from the centers. Free CN- concentrations were high in river surface waters for 50 km below the processing plants, with the highest concentration 9088 times above the CCME standard of 5 μg/L and 1136 times above the 24-h LC50 concentration of 40 μg/L free CN- for some fish species. Due to cyanidation of mercury-contaminated tailings, the formation of Hg-CN complexes is a grave concern, as these complexes have been shown to be highly bioavailable. Preliminary tests conducted in a laboratory using bioassays with Danio rerio sp. and varying concentrations of synthetic Hg(CN)2 salt have shown significant THg bioaccumulation in muscle and kidney fish tissues exposed to concentrations >0.12 mg/L. Furthermore, low MeHg results in fish tissues demonstrated little occurrence of methylation and that the bulk of the total mercury content was in the form of inorganic mercury. Although construction of a communal tailings facility (CTF) in Portovelo is a positive development to reduce riverine pollution, the requirement to truck tailings up to the CTF likely results in inadequate compliance of environmental regulations that are poorly enforced.

Keywords: Artisanal miners; Gold processing centers; Mercury cyanide; Tailings management.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cyanides / analysis*
  • Ecuador
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Gold*
  • Humans
  • Mercury / analysis
  • Mining*
  • Rivers / chemistry*
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / analysis*
  • Water Pollution, Chemical / analysis*

Substances

  • Cyanides
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical
  • Gold
  • Mercury