Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis From the VITAL Registry

Abstract

Background: Although the association between autoimmune rheumatic diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is well-known, there is a lack of data regarding the role of such disorders in patients with premature and extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Methods: The Veterans With Premature Atherosclerosis (VITAL) registry, including patients with premature (males <55 years, females <65 years) and extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (<40 years), was created from the 2014-2015 nationwide Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system database. We assessed age at the time of first cardiovascular event to compare patients with premature (n = 135,703) and those with extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (n = 7716) with age-matched patients without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (n_young = 1,153,535, n_{extremely young} = 441,836). We assessed whether systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis were independently associated with premature and extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Results: Patients with premature and extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease had a higher prevalence of all rheumatic diseases as compared with age-matched patients without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In fully adjusted models, systemic lupus erythematosus (odds ratio [OR]: 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.56-1.83) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.63-1.81) were associated with increased odds of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (OR: 3.06, 95% CI: 2.38-3.93) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.85-3.08) also had a higher likelihood of extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis carry higher odds of both premature and extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Future studies are needed to understand the rheumatic disease-specific factors behind the development and progression of clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in these young patients.

Keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis; Autoimmune; Inflammation; Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; Psoriatic arthritis; Rheumatic disease; Rheumatoid arthritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus.