Novel lineage 1 recombinants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated from vaccinated herds: genome sequences and cytokine production profiles

Arch Virol. 2020 Oct;165(10):2259-2277. doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04743-y. Epub 2020 Jul 22.

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a widely disseminated, macrophage-tropic arterivirus that exhibits profound genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity. The present study was conducted to determine the complete genome sequences of two novel Korean lineage 1 PRRSV-2 strains, KNU-1901 and KNU-1902, which were isolated from vaccinated pig farms experiencing unusually high morbidity and mortality. Both isolates contained notable discontinuous 423-nucleotide deletions (DELs) within the genes encoding nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) and GP3 when compared with the prototype strain VR-2332. In particular, the nsp2 DEL viruses had unique quadripartite discontinuous DEL signatures (111-1-19-9) in nsp2; this is an expanded version of the tripartite 111-1-19 DEL previously identified in virulent lineage 1 PRRSV-2 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both novel nsp2 DEL viruses belong to the Korean clade (KOR C) of lineage 1 isolates based on ORF5 but cluster with lineage KOR A strains based on the nsp2 or complete genome sequence. Recombination detection analysis suggested that both novel isolates are recombinants and may have evolved via natural inter-lineage recombination between circulating KOR A and KOR C strains. Interestingly, compared with the prototype VR-2332 virus, the novel nsp2 DEL variants were less efficient at promoting the expression of immune response genes in porcine alveolar macrophage culture. Taken together, we conclude that KNU-1901 and KNU-1902 are recently evolved recombinant variants of the virulent lineage 1 family that caused the regional severe PRRS outbreaks.

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Cell Line, Transformed
  • Cytokines / genetics*
  • Cytokines / immunology
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Gene Expression
  • Genome, Viral*
  • Macrophages, Alveolar / immunology
  • Macrophages, Alveolar / virology
  • Open Reading Frames
  • Phylogeny*
  • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / epidemiology
  • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / immunology
  • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / pathology
  • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / virology*
  • Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / classification
  • Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / genetics*
  • Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / isolation & purification
  • Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / pathogenicity*
  • Recombination, Genetic
  • Republic of Korea / epidemiology
  • Sequence Alignment
  • Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
  • Swine
  • Viral Nonstructural Proteins / genetics*
  • Virulence

Substances

  • Cytokines
  • Viral Nonstructural Proteins