Immune response in COVID-19: A review

Abstract

The immune system protects against viruses and diseases and produces antibodies to kill pathogens. This review presents a brief overview of the immune system regarding its protection of the human body from COVID-19; illustrates the process of the immune system, how it works, and its mechanism to fight virus; and presents information on the most recent COVID-19 treatments and experimental data. Various types of potential challenges for the immunes system are also discussed. At the end of the article, foods to consume and avoid are suggested, and physical exercise is encouraged. This article can be used worldwide as a state of the art in this critical moment for promising alternative solutions related to surviving the coronavirus.

Keywords: COVID-19; Case study; Data analysis; Immunity system; Potential challenges.

Fig. 1

The organs of the immune system are positioned throughout the body [12].

Fig. 2

Innate and adaptive immune system [28].

Fig. 3

Blood in the pipeline of the immune system [29].

Fig. 4

Immune profiling armamentarium [29].

Fig. 5

Progression of COVID-19 infection and potential adjuvant interventions [34].

Fig. 6

Adaptive immune response against coronavirus requires stimulation of B cell and T cell epitopes [95].

Fig. 7

Detection of antibody responses to recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins in patients with COVID-19. (A) Serological responses of 12 patients with COVID-19 to recombinant NP (top) and S-RBD (bottom). The experiment was performed in duplicate. (B) Measurement of neutralizing antibody titers by pseudovirus-based assay. The experiment was performed in triplicate. NP, nucleocapsid protein. S-RBD receptor binding domain of spike protein. HD, healthy donor. Pt, patient. HD#1, serum was collected in 2018. HD#2–4, the sera were from close contact. *P < **P [106].

Fig. 8

The adaptive immune response to infection [111].

Fig. 9

Nutrition advice for adults during the COVID-19 outbreak [122].