Bestatin and bacitracin inhibit porcine kidney cortex dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and reduce human melanoma MeWo cell viability

Abstract

Bestatin and bacitracin are inhibitors of metallo aminopeptidases and bacterial proteases. However, their effects on other human peptidases, like dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV, EC 3.4.14.5) are not established. Inhibitors of DPP-IV activity are used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancers and immune system diseases. Bacitracin and bestatin inhibited porcine membrane-bound DPP-IV (pDPP-IV) activity. Mechanisms were different, i.e. non-competitive with α > 1 (α = 3.9) and K_i value of 75 μM for bestatin, and competitive with K_i value of 630 μM for bacitracin. The binding mode in the tertiary complex enzyme:substrate:bestatin suggested the structural basis of the inhibitory effect and that bestatin is potentially selective for DPP-IV, ineffective vs. S9 family members dipeptidyl peptidase 8/9 and fibroblast activation protein. In the human melanoma MeWo cell line, bestatin and bacitracin inhibited aminopeptidase N (APN) and DPP-IV activities, reduced cell viability and increased DNA fragmentation, suggesting induction of apoptosis. Since bacitracin and bestatin are already marketed drugs, studying in depth the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects on melanoma cells is warranted. Additionally, bestatin emerges as a new lead compound for the development of DPP-IV inhibitors, and a promising dual APN/DPP-IV inhibitor for the treatment of pathologies in which both enzymes are upregulated.

Keywords: Bacitracin; Bestatin; Competitive inhibitor; DPP-IV; Melanoma; Non-competitive inhibitor.