Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes

Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7837):315-320. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3. Epub 2020 Aug 26.

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) produces more severe symptoms and higher mortality among men than among women1-5. However, whether immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) differ between sexes, and whether such differences correlate with the sex difference in the disease course of COVID-19, is currently unknown. Here we examined sex differences in viral loads, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titres, plasma cytokines and blood-cell phenotyping in patients with moderate COVID-19 who had not received immunomodulatory medications. Male patients had higher plasma levels of innate immune cytokines such as IL-8 and IL-18 along with more robust induction of non-classical monocytes. By contrast, female patients had more robust T cell activation than male patients during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, we found that a poor T cell response negatively correlated with patients' age and was associated with worse disease outcome in male patients, but not in female patients. By contrast, higher levels of innate immune cytokines were associated with worse disease progression in female patients, but not in male patients. These findings provide a possible explanation for the observed sex biases in COVID-19, and provide an important basis for the development of a sex-based approach to the treatment and care of male and female patients with COVID-19.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • COVID-19 / blood
  • COVID-19 / immunology*
  • COVID-19 / virology
  • Chemokines / blood
  • Chemokines / immunology
  • Cohort Studies
  • Cytokines / blood
  • Cytokines / immunology*
  • Disease Progression
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate / immunology*
  • Lymphocyte Activation
  • Male
  • Monocytes / immunology
  • Phenotype
  • Prognosis
  • RNA, Viral / analysis
  • SARS-CoV-2 / immunology*
  • SARS-CoV-2 / pathogenicity
  • Sex Characteristics*
  • T-Lymphocytes / immunology*
  • Viral Load

Substances

  • Chemokines
  • Cytokines
  • RNA, Viral