Cumulative incidence of femoral localized periosteal thickening (beaking) preceding atypical femoral fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

H Sato; C Takai; N Kondo; Y Kurosawa; E Hasegawa; A Wakamatsu; D Kobayashi; T Nakatsue; A Abe; S Ito; H Ishikawa; J J Kazama; T Kuroda; Y Suzuki; N Endo; I Narita

doi:10.1007/s00198-020-05601-y

Cumulative incidence of femoral localized periosteal thickening (beaking) preceding atypical femoral fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoporos Int. 2021 Feb;32(2):363-375. doi: 10.1007/s00198-020-05601-y. Epub 2020 Sep 3.

Authors

H Sato^{1

2}, C Takai³, N Kondo⁴, Y Kurosawa⁵, E Hasegawa⁵, A Wakamatsu⁵, D Kobayashi⁵, T Nakatsue⁵, A Abe³, S Ito³, H Ishikawa³, J J Kazama⁶, T Kuroda⁷, Y Suzuki⁷, N Endo⁸, I Narita⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Rheumatology, Niigata Rheumatic Center, 1-2-8 Honcho, Shibata City, 957-0054, Japan. hiroes@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
² Health Administration Center, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, 950-2181, Japan. hiroes@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
³ Department of Rheumatology, Niigata Rheumatic Center, 1-2-8 Honcho, Shibata City, 957-0054, Japan.
⁴ Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan.
⁵ Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan.
⁶ Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, 960-1295, Japan.
⁷ Health Administration Center, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, 950-2181, Japan.
⁸ Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Tsubame Rosai Hospital, 633, Sawatari, Tsubame City, 959-1228, Japan.

PMID: 32885317
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05601-y

Abstract

The incidence of localized periosteal thickening (LPT, also termed beaking) of the lateral cortex that often precedes an atypical femoral fracture (AFF) was not high in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but incomplete AFFs developed in two patients. Higher-dose prednisolone was a significant risk factor for LPT in patients with RA.

Introduction: Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are stress fractures; bisphosphonate (BP) use is a major risk factor for the development of such fractures. Localized periosteal thickening (LPT, also termed beaking) of the lateral cortex often precedes a complete or incomplete AFF. We evaluated the incidence of latent LPT in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to evaluate LPT progression, and to define LPT risk factors.

Methods: A total of 254 patients with RA were included; all underwent annual X-ray evaluation, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and analyses of serum and bone metabolic markers for 2-3 years. LPT of the lateral cortex was sought in femoral X-rays.

Results: The incidence of LPT was 2.4% (6/254). Among patients on both BP and prednisolone (PSL) at enrollment, the incidence was 2.3% (3/131). Two femurs of two patients with LPT developed incomplete AFFs; LPT was extensive and associated with endosteal thickening. One patient had been on BP and PSL and microscopic polyangiitis was comorbidity. The other was on a selective estrogen receptor modulator and PSL. A daily PSL dose >5 mg (OR 11.4; 95%CI 2.15-60.2; p = 0.004) and higher-dose methotrexate (OR 1.22; 95%CI 1.01-1.49; p = 0.043) were significant risk factors for LPT.

Conclusions: The incidence of latent LPT was not high (2.4%) but incomplete AFFs developed in two RA patients. Higher-dose PSL because of a comorbid disease requiring glucocorticoid treatment other than RA or refractory RA were risk factors for LPT; X-ray screening for latent LPT would usefully prevent complete AFFs.

Keywords: Atypical femoral fracture; Beaking; Bisphosphonate; Femoral localized periosteal thickening; Glucocorticoid; Rheumatoid arthritis.

MeSH terms

Arthritis, Rheumatoid* / complications
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* / drug therapy
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* / epidemiology
Bone Density Conservation Agents*
Diphosphonates
Femoral Fractures* / chemically induced
Femoral Fractures* / diagnostic imaging
Femoral Fractures* / epidemiology
Femur
Humans
Incidence

Substances

Bone Density Conservation Agents
Diphosphonates