Competing interests

I.S.K. is on the scientific advisory boards of Pulse Data and Medaware, both companies involved in predictive analytics. S.S. is a founder of, and holds equity in, Bayesian Health. The results of the study discussed in this publication could affect the value of Bayesian Health. This arrangement has been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. S.S. is a member of the scientific advisory board for PatientPing. B.K.B.-J. is a cofounder of Salutary, Inc. B.N. is employed by Anthem. A.J.B. is a cofounder of and consultant to Personalis and NuMedii; consultant to Samsung, Mango Tree Corporation and, in the recent past, 10x Genomics, Helix, Pathway Genomics and Verinata (Illumina); has served on paid advisory panels or boards for Geisinger Health, Regenstrief Institute, Gerson Lehman Group, AlphaSights, Covance, Novartis, Genentech, Merck and Roche; is a shareholder in Personalis and NuMedii; is a minor shareholder in Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, 10x Genomics, Amazon, Biogen, Illumina, Snap, Nuna Health, Royalty Pharma, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Assay Depot, Vet24seven, Regeneron, Moderna and Sutro, many of which use AI and predictive modeling, and several other non-health-related companies and mutual funds; and has received honoraria and travel reimbursement for invited talks from Genentech, Takeda, Varian, Roche, Pfizer, Merck, Lilly, Mars, Siemens, Optum, Abbott, Celgene, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Westat and many academic institutions, state or national agencies, medical or disease specific foundations and associations, and health systems. A.J.B. receives royalty payments through Stanford University for several patents and other disclosures licensed to NuMedii and Personalis. A.J.B. has research funded by the NIH, Northrup Grumman (as the prime on an NIH contract), Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, FDA, US Department of Defense, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Intervalien Foundation, Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg, Barbara and Gerson Bakar Foundation and, in the recent past, the March of Dimes, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, L’Oreal and Progenity.