Kidney, Cardiac, and Safety Outcomes Associated With α-Blockers in Patients With CKD: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Abstract

Rationale & objectives: Alpha-blockers (ABs) are commonly prescribed for control of resistant or refractory hypertension in patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between AB use and kidney, cardiac, mortality, and safety-related outcomes in CKD remains unknown.

Study design: Population-based retrospective cohort study.

Settings & participants: Ontario (Canada) residents 66 years and older treated for hypertension in 2007 to 2015 without a prior prescription for an AB.

Exposures: New use of an AB versus new use of a non-AB blood pressure (BP)-lowering medication.

Outcomes: 30% or greater estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline; dialysis initiation or kidney transplantation (kidney replacement therapy); composite of acute myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, congestive heart failure, or atrial fibrillation; safety (hypotension, syncope, falls, and fractures) events; and mortality.

Analytical approach: New users of ABs (doxazosin, terazosin, and prazosin) were matched to new users of non-ABs by a high dimensional propensity score. Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Gray models were used to examine the association of AB use with kidney, cardiac, mortality, and safety outcomes. Interactions by eGFR categories (≥90, 60-89, 30-59, and<30mL/min/1.73m²) were explored.

Results: Among 381,120 eligible individuals, 16,088 were dispensed ABs and matched 1:1 to non-AB users. AB use was associated with higher risk for≥30% eGFR decline (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.08-1.21) and need for kidney replacement therapy (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13-1.44). eGFR level did not modify these associations, P interaction=0.3and 0.3, respectively. Conversely, AB use was associated with lower risk for cardiac events, which was also consistent across eGFR categories (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.95; P interaction=0.1). AB use was also associated with lower mortality risk, but only among those with eGFR<60mL/min/1.73m² (P interaction<0.001): HRs were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.93) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.64-0.80) for eGFR of 30 to 59 and<30mL/min/1.73m², respectively.

Limitations: Observational design, BP measurement data unavailable.

Conclusions: AB use in CKD is associated with higher risk for kidney disease progression but lower risk for cardiac events and mortality compared with alternative BP-lowering medications.

Keywords: Alpha blocker; CKD progression’; adverse events; blood pressure medication; cardiovascular events; chronic kidney disease (CKD); doxazosin; drug safety; hypertension; kidney failure; kidney function decline; mortality; prazosin; terazosin.