Health Education about Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Community-Based Cluster Randomized Trial: Rheumatic Heart Disease Educational Strategies

Glob Heart. 2020 Jun 17;15(1):41. doi: 10.5334/gh.347.

Abstract

Introduction: The burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is still high in Brazil. Lack of population awareness about the disease limits the efficacy of prevention programs. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of education on RHD in schools, comparing the conventional expository teaching method with tablet-based worked examples.

Method: A prospective, cluster randomized trial was conducted over eight months in six randomly selected low-income Brazilian public schools. Each class was considered a cluster (total: 90), being randomized 1:1 to receive one of the educational methods. Pre-test evaluated students' prior knowledge on RHD. Post-tests, 10 days, and three months later, evaluated retention of knowledge.

Results: At total 1,301 students (52% female) completed the study, being 63% from high school. Baseline knowledge about RHD was universally low (average score expository classes [G1] 33.9% vs. worked examples [G2] 32.5%, p = 0.23). A significant but similar improvement was observed in both groups in the immediate post-test (pre- vs. post: p < 0.001): G1 57.5% vs. G2 56.7%, p = 0.69. In the late post-test, a significant 20% worsening was observed in both groups and the final scores were again similar: G1 45.0% vs. G2 45.9%, p = 0.87. Highschool students had higher scores (p < 0.001), and girls had better overall performances than boys (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: The novel technology of tablet-based worked examples had similar results compared with expository classes for RHD education in schools. Both educational processes resulted in modest gains in knowledge, with low retention. More studies are needed to determine if increased knowledge leads to behavioral changes that could reduce RHD burden.

Highlights: In a cluster-randomized trial, two different educational strategies about Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) for children - standard expository classes and worked examples based on interactive modules in tablet computers - were compared in public schools of underserved Brazilian neighborhoods.Baseline knowledge was low, and the novel tablet-based technology had similar results compared with traditional teaching for RHD education in schools, with no differences in acquisition and mid-term retention of knowledge.Both educational interventions resulted in similar 71% improvement in the immediate post-test, although with suboptimal retention, with over 20% worsening in three months in both groups.Our data suggests that the optimal strategy for RHD education is yet to be determined, and future studies should be warranted to determine if increased knowledge leads to behavioral changes that could reduce disease burden in endemic areas.

Keywords: health education; rheumatic heart disease; schools; screening; worked examples.

Publication types

  • Multicenter Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Brazil / epidemiology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Echocardiography
  • Female
  • Health Education / methods*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Pilot Projects
  • Prevalence
  • Prospective Studies
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease / diagnosis
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease / epidemiology
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease / prevention & control*
  • Schools

Grants and funding

The PROVAR investigators would like to thank Edwards Lifesciences Foundation® for supporting and funding the primary care screening program (PROVAR+) in Brazil, General Electric Healthcare® for providing echocardiography equipment and WiRed Health Resources for providing online curriculum on heart disease and echocardiography. The Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais was funded by the State Government of Minas Gerais, by its Health Department (Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Minas Gerais) and FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais), and by the Brazilian Government, including the Health Ministry and the Science and Technology Ministry and its research and innovation agencies, CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) e FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos). Dr. Ribeiro was supported in part by CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 310679/2016-8) and by FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00428-17). Medical students received scholarships from the National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS, project: 465518/2014-1). This study was funded by Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, USA. The funder did not have any relationship with the conduct of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, and the preparation, review, or approval of this manuscript. The abstract of this work was presented at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2018, November 10 to 12, 2018, in Chicago, IL, USA.