Immunotherapy-based combinations, driven by PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, has altered the treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite significant improvements in clinical outcomes, many patients do not experience deep or lasting benefits. Recent efforts to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy and immunotherapy-based combinations have shown promise but have not yet affected clinical practice. PD-L1 expression via immunohistochemistry (IHC) has shown promise in a few clinical trials, although variations in the IHC assays as well as the use of different values for positivity presents unique challenges for this potential biomarker. Several other candidate biomarkers were investigated including tumor mutational burden, gene expression signatures, single gene mutations, human endogenous retroviruses, the gastrointestinal microbiome, and peripheral blood laboratory markers. While individually these biomarkers have yet to explain the heterogeneity of treatment response to immunotherapy, using aggregate information from these biomarkers may inform clinically useful predictive biomarkers.
Keywords: PD-L1; biomarkers; immunotherapy; renal cell carcinoma.