Despite rapidly evolving technologies, an accurate and thorough clinical neurologic assessment is still crucial to understanding presenting symptoms and signs. It is the most exciting but also challenging part of the diagnostic puzzle, essential to establishing a rational working hypothesis and a consistent management plan. Flexibility, creativity, and social skills are needed to elicit the child's participation. History taking is of the utmost importance, requiring not only time and perseverance, but also knowledge and effective communication to obtain relevant and precise information. Understanding what is being tested and distinguishing the normal from the abnormal are indispensable in reaching a correct clinical interpretation. The clinician needs to tailor an individualized approach for each patient according to the chief complaint, clinical context, and the child's chronologic and developmental age. The questions about the nature, localization, and etiology must be addressed first and then summarized and developed into a reasonable diagnostic hypothesis and differential diagnosis. This chapter aims to guide the reader through a situation-related approach from history taking and neurologic examination to a systematic, step-by-step interpretation of the information and findings. It also provides some practical advice on how to avoid common pitfalls.
Keywords: Cranial nerves examination; Motor system examination; Neurologic assessment; Neurologic examination; Neurologic history taking; Neurologic situation-related approach; Sensory system examination; Working hypothesis.
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