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Observational Study
. 2020 Dec;35(12):3605-3612.
doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06181-7. Epub 2020 Sep 28.

Observational Study of the Downstream Consequences of Inappropriate MRI of the Lumbar Spine

Josephine C Jacobs  1   2 , Jeffrey G Jarvik  3 , Roger Chou  4   5 , Derek Boothroyd  6 , Jeanie Lo  7 , Andrea Nevedal  8 , Paul G Barnett  7   8
Affiliations
Observational Study

Observational Study of the Downstream Consequences of Inappropriate MRI of the Lumbar Spine

Josephine C Jacobs et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Dec.

Abstract

Background: Contrary to guidelines, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often ordered in the first 6 weeks of new episodes of uncomplicated non-specific low back pain.

Objective: To determine the downstream consequences of early imaging.

Design: Retrospective matched cohort study using data from electronic health records of primary care clinics of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

Participants: Patients seeking primary care for non-specific low back pain without a red flag condition or an encounter for low back pain in the prior 6 months (N = 405,965).

Exposure: MRI of the lumbar spine within 6 weeks of the initial primary care visit.

Main measures: Covariates included patient demographics, health history in the prior year, and baseline pain. Outcomes were lumbar surgery, prescription opioid use, acute health care costs, and last pain score recorded within 1 year of the index visit.

Key results: Early MRI was associated with more back surgery (1.48% vs. 0.12% in episodes without early MRI), greater use of prescription opioids (35.1% vs. 28.6%), a higher final pain score (3.99 vs. 3.87), and greater acute care costs ($8082 vs. $5560), p < 0.001 for all comparisons.

Limitations: Reliance on data gathered in normal clinical care and the potential for residual confounding despite the use of coarsened exact matching weights to adjust for baseline differences.

Conclusions: The association between early imaging and increased utilization was apparent even in a setting largely unaffected by incentives of fee-for-service care. Reduced imaging cost is only part of the motivation to improve adherence with guidelines for the use of MRI. Early scans are associated with excess surgery, higher costs for other care, and worse outcomes, including potential harms from prescription opioids.

Keywords: downstream consequences; inappropriate magnetic resonance imaging; low back pain; primary care providers; retrospective matched cohort study.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of exclusion criteria on the size of study cohort.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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