Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01205

Review

. 2020 Sep 11:11:1205.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01205. eCollection 2020.

Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

Olayinka O Ogunleye^{1

2}, Debashis Basu^{3

4}, Debjani Mueller⁵, Jacqueline Sneddon⁶, R Andrew Seaton^{6

7

8}, Adesola F Yinka-Ogunleye⁹, Joshua Wamboga¹⁰, Nenad Miljković¹¹, Julius C Mwita¹², Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera¹³, Amos Massele¹⁴, Okwen Patrick^{15

16}, Loveline Lum Niba^{15

17}, Melaine Nsaikila¹⁵, Wafaa M Rashed¹⁸, Mohamed Ali Hussein¹⁸, Rehab Hegazy¹⁹, Adefolarin A Amu²⁰, Baffour Boaten Boahen-Boaten²¹, Zinhle Matsebula²², Prudence Gwebu²², Bongani Chirigo²², Nongabisa Mkhabela²², Tenelisiwe Dlamini²², Siphiwe Sithole²², Sandile Malaza²², Sikhumbuzo Dlamini²², Daniel Afriyie²³, George Awuku Asare²⁴, Seth Kwabena Amponsah²⁵, Israel Sefah^{26

27}, Margaret Oluka²⁸, Anastasia N Guantai²⁸, Sylvia A Opanga²⁹, Tebello Violet Sarele³⁰, Refeletse Keabetsoe Mafisa³¹, Ibrahim Chikowe³², Felix Khuluza³², Dan Kibuule³³, Francis Kalemeera³³, Mwangana Mubita³³, Joseph Fadare^{34

35}, Laurien Sibomana³⁶, Gwendoline Malegwale Ramokgopa^{3

4}, Carmen Whyte^{3

4}, Tshegofatso Maimela^{3

4}, Johannes Hugo^{4

37}, Johanna C Meyer³⁸, Natalie Schellack³⁸, Enos M Rampamba^{38

39}, Adel Visser⁴⁰, Abubakr Alfadl^{41

42}, Elfatih M Malik^{43

44}, Oliver Ombeva Malande^{45

46}, Aubrey C Kalungia⁴⁷, Chiluba Mwila⁴⁷, Trust Zaranyika⁴⁸, Blessmore Vimbai Chaibva⁴⁹, Ioana D Olaru^{50

51}, Nyasha Masuka⁵², Janney Wale⁵³, Lenias Hwenda⁵⁴, Regina Kamoga^{10

55}, Ruaraidh Hill⁵⁶, Corrado Barbui⁵⁷, Tomasz Bochenek⁵⁸, Amanj Kurdi^{59

60}, Stephen Campbell^{61

62}, Antony P Martin^{63

64}, Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong⁶⁵, Binh Nguyen Thanh⁶⁵, Brian Godman^{38

59

66

67}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.
² Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
³ Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴ WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁵ Charlotte Maxeke Medical Research Cluster, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁶ Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁷ Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁸ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁹ Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.
¹⁰ Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.
¹¹ Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery "Banjica", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹² Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹³ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹⁵ Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.
¹⁶ Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
¹⁷ Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.
¹⁸ Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
¹⁹ Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
²⁰ Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.
²¹ Department of Psychology, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.
²² Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.
²³ Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
²⁴ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
²⁵ Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
²⁶ Ghana Health Service, Pharmacy Department, Keta Municipal Hospital, Keta-Dzelukope, Ghana.
²⁷ Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.
²⁸ Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
²⁹ Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
³⁰ Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville-campus, Durban, South Africa.
³¹ Independent Researcher, Mafeteng, Lesotho.
³² Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
³³ Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
³⁴ Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
³⁵ Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
³⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
³⁷ Department of Family Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
³⁸ School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.
³⁹ Department of Pharmacy, Tshilidzini Hospital, Shayandima, South Africa.
⁴⁰ Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴¹ National Medicines Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.
⁴² Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
⁴³ Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
⁴⁴ Community Medicine Council, SMSB, Khartoum, Sudan.
⁴⁵ Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
⁴⁶ East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala, Uganda.
⁴⁷ Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
⁴⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁴⁹ Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁵⁰ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
⁵¹ Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁵² Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁵³ Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁴ Medicines for Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁵⁵ Community Health and Information Network (CHAIN), Kampala, Uganda.
⁵⁶ Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
⁵⁷ WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁵⁸ Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
⁵⁹ Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁶⁰ Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
⁶¹ Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
⁶² NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
⁶³ Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
⁶⁴ HCD Economics, The Innovation Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom.
⁶⁵ Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.
⁶⁶ Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁷ School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.

PMID: 33071775
PMCID: PMC7533592
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01205

Free PMC article

Review

Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

Olayinka O Ogunleye et al. Front Pharmacol. 2020.

Free PMC article

. 2020 Sep 11:11:1205.

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01205. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.
² Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
³ Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴ WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁵ Charlotte Maxeke Medical Research Cluster, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁶ Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁷ Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁸ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁹ Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.
¹⁰ Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.
¹¹ Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery "Banjica", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹² Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹³ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹⁵ Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.
¹⁶ Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
¹⁷ Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.
¹⁸ Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
¹⁹ Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
²⁰ Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.
²¹ Department of Psychology, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.
²² Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.
²³ Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
²⁴ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
²⁵ Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
²⁶ Ghana Health Service, Pharmacy Department, Keta Municipal Hospital, Keta-Dzelukope, Ghana.
²⁷ Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.
²⁸ Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
²⁹ Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
³⁰ Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville-campus, Durban, South Africa.
³¹ Independent Researcher, Mafeteng, Lesotho.
³² Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
³³ Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
³⁴ Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
³⁵ Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
³⁶ Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
³⁷ Department of Family Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
³⁸ School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.
³⁹ Department of Pharmacy, Tshilidzini Hospital, Shayandima, South Africa.
⁴⁰ Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴¹ National Medicines Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.
⁴² Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
⁴³ Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
⁴⁴ Community Medicine Council, SMSB, Khartoum, Sudan.
⁴⁵ Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
⁴⁶ East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala, Uganda.
⁴⁷ Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
⁴⁸ Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁴⁹ Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁵⁰ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
⁵¹ Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁵² Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe.
⁵³ Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁴ Medicines for Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁵⁵ Community Health and Information Network (CHAIN), Kampala, Uganda.
⁵⁶ Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
⁵⁷ WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
⁵⁸ Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
⁵⁹ Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
⁶⁰ Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
⁶¹ Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
⁶² NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
⁶³ Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
⁶⁴ HCD Economics, The Innovation Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom.
⁶⁵ Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.
⁶⁶ Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁷ School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.

PMID: 33071775
PMCID: PMC7533592
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01205

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed considerable lives. There are major concerns in Africa due to existing high prevalence rates for both infectious and non-infectious diseases and limited resources in terms of personnel, beds and equipment. Alongside this, concerns that lockdown and other measures will have on prevention and management of other infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are an increasing issue with rising morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that a lack of nets and treatment could result in up to 18 million additional cases of malaria and up to 30,000 additional deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: Document current prevalence and mortality rates from COVID-19 alongside economic and other measures to reduce its spread and impact across Africa. In addition, suggested ways forward among all key stakeholder groups.

Our approach: Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet-based publications coupled with input from senior-level personnel.

Ongoing activities: Prevalence and mortality rates are currently lower in Africa than among several Western countries and the USA. This could be due to a number of factors including early instigation of lockdown and border closures, the younger age of the population, lack of robust reporting systems and as yet unidentified genetic and other factors. Innovation is accelerating to address concerns with available equipment. There are ongoing steps to address the level of misinformation and its consequences including fines. There are also ongoing initiatives across Africa to start addressing the unintended consequences of COVID-19 activities including lockdown measures and their impact on NCDs including the likely rise in mental health disorders, exacerbated by increasing stigma associated with COVID-19. Strategies include extending prescription lengths, telemedicine and encouraging vaccination. However, these need to be accelerated to prevent increased morbidity and mortality.

Conclusion: There are multiple activities across Africa to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and address misinformation, which can have catastrophic consequences, assisted by the WHO and others, which appear to be working in a number of countries. Research is ongoing to clarify the unintended consequences given ongoing concerns to guide future activities. Countries are learning from each other.

Keywords: Africa; COVID-19; health policy; misinformation; prevalence; review; treatment; unintended consequences.

Copyright © 2020 Ogunleye, Basu, Mueller, Sneddon, Seaton, Yinka-Ogunleye, Wamboga, Miljković, Mwita, Rwegerera, Massele, Patrick, Niba, Nsaikila, Rashed, Hussein, Hegazy, Amu, Boahen-Boaten, Matsebula, Gwebu, Chirigo, Mkhabela, Dlamini, Sithole, Malaza, Dlamini, Afriyie, Asare, Amponsah, Sefah, Oluka, Guantai, Opanga, Sarele, Mafisa, Chikowe, Khuluza, Kibuule, Kalemeera, Mubita, Fadare, Sibomana, Ramokgopa, Whyte, Maimela, Hugo, Meyer, Schellack, Rampamba, Visser, Alfadl, Malik, Malande, Kalungia, Mwila, Zaranyika, Chaibva, Olaru, Masuka, Wale, Hwenda, Kamoga, Hill, Barbui, Bochenek, Kurdi, Campbell, Martin, Phuong, Thanh and Godman.

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References

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[1] Abbas K., Procter S. R., van Zandvoort K., Clark A., Funk S., Mengistu T., et al. (2020). Routine childhood immunisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a benefit-risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Glob. Health (EPrint). - PMC - PubMed

[2] Abbas K., Procter S. R., van Zandvoort K., Clark A., Funk S., Mengistu T., et al. (2020). Routine childhood immunisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a benefit-risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Glob. Health (EPrint). - PMC - PubMed

[3] Abdool Karim S. S. (2020). The South African Response to the Pandemic. N Engl. J. Med. 382 (24), e95. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Abdool Karim S. S. (2020). The South African Response to the Pandemic. N Engl. J. Med. 382 (24), e95. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Abena P. M., Decloedt E. H., Bottieau E., Suleman F., Adejumo P., Sam-Agudu N. A., et al. (2020). Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: Caution for Inappropriate Off-label Use in Healthcare Settings. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102 (6), 1184–1188. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Abena P. M., Decloedt E. H., Bottieau E., Suleman F., Adejumo P., Sam-Agudu N. A., et al. (2020). Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: Caution for Inappropriate Off-label Use in Healthcare Settings. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102 (6), 1184–1188. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Achan J. (2020). Dr. Wayengera: The man behind Uganda's COVID-19 testing kits. Available at: https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1518668/dr-misaki-wayengera-....

[8] Achan J. (2020). Dr. Wayengera: The man behind Uganda's COVID-19 testing kits. Available at: https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1518668/dr-misaki-wayengera-....

[9] Achwoka D., Waruru A., Chen T. H., Masamaro K., Ngugi E., Kimani M., et al. (2019). Noncommunicable disease burden among HIV patients in care: a national retrospective longitudinal analysis of HIV-treatment outcomes in Kenya, 2003-2013. BMC Public Health 19 (1), 372. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Achwoka D., Waruru A., Chen T. H., Masamaro K., Ngugi E., Kimani M., et al. (2019). Noncommunicable disease burden among HIV patients in care: a national retrospective longitudinal analysis of HIV-treatment outcomes in Kenya, 2003-2013. BMC Public Health 19 (1), 372. - PMC - PubMed

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Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

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Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future

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Abstract

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